Pesticide distribution in an agricultural environment in Argentina

An assessment of the off-site migration of pesticides from agricultural activity into the environment in the Neuquen River Valley was performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of pesticides in several compartments of a small agricultural sub-catchment. Soil, surface water, shallow groundwater and drift deposition were analyzed for pesticide residues. Results showed the presence of some pesticide residues in soil, surface water and shallow groundwater compartments. The highest detection frequencies in water (surface and subsurface) were found for azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos (>70%). In terms of concentration, the highest levels were observed in shallow groundwater for azinphos methyl (22.5 μg/L) and carbaryl (45.7 μg/L). In the soil, even before the application period had started, accumulation of residues was present. These residues increased during the period studied. Spray drift during pesticide application was found to be a significant pathway for the migration of pesticide residues in surface water, while leaching and preferential flows were the main transport routes contributing to subsurface contamination.     

植物基因工程修复土壤重金属污染研究进展

土壤重金属污染植物修复技术应用广泛,但超富集植物的寻找耗时费力,现存超富集植物通常生长缓慢、生物量低、地域限制较大,导致植物修复效果不能达到预期.基因工程在植物修复中的应用,为提高植物修复土壤重金属污染的效率提供了新的思路.通过综述基因工程强化植物修复土壤重金属污染的研究进展,着重关注植物修复关于重金属转运、储存、解毒过程的调控过程,主要包括:①控制植物体内重金属由胞外运移至胞内的关键基因,主要有锌铁调控蛋白、黄色条纹样蛋白、天然抗性相关巨噬细胞蛋白,作为载体参与重金属在植物体内的不同组织的转运.②改变重金属在细胞内储存位置、提高植物耐受能力的关键基因,主要调控ATP结合盒转运器、阳离子扩散促进器和P_1B型ATPases,通过增强植物对重金属的区隔化能力来实现储存功能.③降低重金属对植物毒害作用的关键基因,主要调控植物体内植物络合素、金属硫蛋白的大量合成,并络合重金属形成螯合物.根据植物基因对重金属超耐性和超富集的作用机制,建议后续研究可利用基因工程向目标植物导入相关功能基因,使其在目标植物中高效表达,并在实际环境中进行植物生长测试应答机制,最终更好地调控植物体内重金属含量平衡关系,以克服超富集植物与环境适配性差的缺陷.      

Landscape Equivalency Analysis: Methodology for Estimating Spatially Explicit Biodiversity Credits

We propose a biodiversity credit system for trading endangered species habitat designed to minimize and reverse the negative effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, the leading cause of species endangerment in the United States. Given the increasing demand for land, approaches that explicitly balance economic goals against conservation goals are required. The Endangered Species Act balances these conflicts based on the cost to replace habitat. Conservation banking is a means to manage this balance, and we argue for its use to mitigate the effects of habitat fragmentation. Mitigating the effects of land development on biodiversity requires decisions that recognize regional ecological effects resulting from local economic decisions. We propose Landscape Equivalency Analysis (LEA), a landscape-scale approach similar to HEA, as an accounting system to calculate conservation banking credits so that habitat trades do not exacerbate regional ecological effects of local decisions. Credits purchased by public agencies or NGOs for purposes other than mitigating a take create a net investment in natural capital leading to habitat defragmentation. Credits calculated by LEA use metapopulation genetic theory to estimate sustainability criteria against which all trades are judged. The approach is rooted in well-accepted ecological, evolutionary, and economic theory, which helps compensate for the degree of uncertainty regarding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on endangered species. LEA requires application of greater scientific rigor than typically applied to endangered species management on private lands but provides an objective, conceptually sound basis for achieving the often conflicting goals of economic efficiency and long-term ecological sustainability.     

遗传双线性模型在海洋冰情预测中的应用

提出了一套建立双线性模型（ＢＭ）的简便方案。用作者研制的加速遗传算法可同时估计ＢＭ模型各参数,成功地解决了ＢＭ建模这一难题,为ＢＭ模型的广泛应用提供了强有力的工具。实例的计算结果说明,这套方法在海洋冰情预测中是可行而有效的,通过利用预测过程中产生的残差信息进行反馈矫正,保证了ＢＭ模型高的拟合粗度和稳健的预测性能,增强了ＢＭ对复杂非线性动态系统的适应性。该方案具有一般性,在各种非线性时序动态预测中具     

二种除草剂遗传毒性的研究

以黄鳝为试验材料,研究了艾割和使它隆二种除草剂对鱼类的致突变性。对经腹腔注射染毒上述二种除草剂的受试黄鳝,通过对其活体肾细胞染色体数目和形态的观察,分析其突变率。研究结果(经t检验)显示:艾割和使它隆二种除草剂分别在其试验最低受试剂量50mg/kg和8.0mg/kg即可引起黄鳝的染色体畸变。采用SOS/Umu显色试验研究,在SOS/Umu试验中,使它隆和艾割2个受试除草剂可以诱发SOS阳性反应,且呈明显的剂量-效应关系。试验表明这二种除草剂具有遗传毒性,应对这二种除草剂严加管控,避免其对环境的影响。     

基于U-D分解卡尔曼滤波地下水污染源溯源辨识

采用基于U-D分解的卡尔曼滤波与非线性规划优化模型相结合,溯源辨识出地下水污染源的个数、位置与释放强度.基于一个假想例子,建立地下水污染质数值模拟模型,运用灵敏度分析筛选出对模型影响较大的参数作为模型中的随机变量.然后,应用基于U-D分解的卡尔曼滤波辨识出污染源的个数与位置.在此基础上建立辨识污染源释放强度的优化模型,...     

化肥减量与有机物料添加对华北潮土微生物氮循环功能基因丰度和氮转化遗传潜力的影响

有机物料作为生态友好型的化肥替代品为农业生态系统带来了巨大的经济和环境效益.然而,在化肥减量的基础上添加有机物料会对土壤氮（N）循环产生何种影响依旧知之甚少.在此,设置了常规施肥（NPK）、化肥减量（NPKR）、化肥减量配施秸秆（NPKRS）、化肥减量配施有机肥（NPKRO）、化肥减量配施秸秆和有机肥（NPKROS）共5种施肥处理,采用实时定量PCR方法测定微生物N循环功能基因丰度,并估算微生物N转化遗传潜力.结果表明,与NPK处理相比,有机物料添加显著增加了参与有机N分解、N固定和N还原的异养微生物数量,而降低了执行氨氧化的自养微生物丰度.因此,异养微生物的比例增加,自养微生物的比例降低.施肥措施变化显著提高了微生物N存储和气态N排放潜力,降低了NO₃^-淋溶潜力,N₂ O还原潜力也有所提升.基于距离的冗余分析（db-RDA）表明,5种施肥处理间N循环功能基因丰度差异显著（PERMANOVA,P=0.002）,NH₄⁺是驱动这种变化的关键因子,施用有机肥有利于异养N循环功能微生物,并且同时加入秸秆增强了这种影响.Pearson相关分析表明N存储潜力和气态N排放潜力均与NH₄⁺含量显著负相关;NO₃^-淋溶潜力与SOC和TN含量显著负相关,而与NH₄⁺含量显著正相关.综上所述,在化肥减量基础上添加有机物料有利于增加农田土壤N库,降低土壤N淋溶损失,甚至在特定环境下可以降低N₂ O排放的环境风险.     

紫色土丘陵区畜禽养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

鉴于紫色土高垦殖丘陵区土壤中抗生素抗性基因的潜在生态环境风险,本研究采用高通量荧光定量PCR技术,分析了抗生素抗性基因在不同类型畜禽养殖场(养猪场、养鸡场和养牛场)土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,3种养殖场土壤中共检出79种抗生素抗性基因和5种可移动基因元件,其中多重耐药类基因是养殖场土壤中丰度最高的耐药基因.不同养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因的丰度和多样性均表现为养鸡场和养猪场样品高于养牛场土壤,且3种养殖场土壤样品中的抗性基因表现出不同的类别分布特征.养殖场土壤中较高的可移动基因元件丰度,及其与抗生素抗性基因丰度显著的相关性(P0. 05)说明,可移动基因元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场土壤中的迁移和扩散.     

现代分子生物学技术在动物肠道微生物多样性研究中的应用

现代分子生物技术的蓬勃发展解决了不可培养微生物研究的难题,使得肠道微生物的研究进入一个新的阶段.本文主要介绍了基于16SrRNA的分子分析技术,包括DGGE(变性梯度凝胶电泳),TGGE(温度梯度凝胶电泳),SSCP(单链构象多态性),RFLP(限制性片段长度多态性)等肠道微生物研究工作中常用的分子生物学技术方法、适用范围及可能的发展方向,为动物肠道微生物区系的进一步研究及开发应用提供帮助.表1参42