Utilizing vortex behaviour to minimize drift

Abstract

The ULV spray emitted from a TBM flying in a cross wind was mapped by a scanning lidar system. The fate of the spray cloud for 2 min after release from the aircraft was followed as the material was transported downwind of the flight line. Vertical scans at 6 s intervals with 1 m^‐3 resolution provided detailed insight into the entrainment of the spray into the wing‐tip vortices and ultimate release to drift or deposit. Relative concentration, dosage and deposit profiles are presented for this cross‐wind case. Vortex lifetimes were found to be significantly different for the up‐wind and downwind vortices. The majority of the near field deposit was associated with the up‐wind vortex while the drift was linked to the down‐wind vortex.     

Pesticide distribution in an agricultural environment in Argentina

An assessment of the off-site migration of pesticides from agricultural activity into the environment in the Neuquen River Valley was performed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the distribution of pesticides in several compartments of a small agricultural sub-catchment. Soil, surface water, shallow groundwater and drift deposition were analyzed for pesticide residues. Results showed the presence of some pesticide residues in soil, surface water and shallow groundwater compartments. The highest detection frequencies in water (surface and subsurface) were found for azinphos-methyl and chlorpyrifos (>70%). In terms of concentration, the highest levels were observed in shallow groundwater for azinphos methyl (22.5 μg/L) and carbaryl (45.7 μg/L). In the soil, even before the application period had started, accumulation of residues was present. These residues increased during the period studied. Spray drift during pesticide application was found to be a significant pathway for the migration of pesticide residues in surface water, while leaching and preferential flows were the main transport routes contributing to subsurface contamination.     

Urinary dialkyl phosphate levels before and after first season chlorpyrifos spraying amongst farm workers in the Western Cape,South Africa

The study investigated urinary levels of dialkyl phosphates resulting from pesticide exposure amongst 40 farm workers. Workers were tested (urinary dialkyl phosphate levels, anthropometry, short exposure questionnaire) before and after the first day of seasonal chlorpyrifos spraying. Median baseline urinary dialkyl phosphates was high amongst both non-applicators (1587.5 μg/g creatinine, n = 8) and applicators (365.6 μg/g creatinine, n = 9). There was not much evidence of an increase in post-spray dialkyl phosphates levels from pre-spray levels amongst both applicators and non-applicators. Hours mixing, spraying, driving a tractor and hours worked by non-applicators were not significantly associated with an increase in post-spray dialkyl phosphate levels, adjusting for age, height, weight, gender, use of empty pesticide containers and self-reported kidney problems. Past applicator status was weakly positively associated with pre-spray dialkyl phosphate levels adjusting for age, height, weight, and gender, self-reported kidney problems, smoking and alcohol (β= 1019.5, p = 0.307, R²= 0.28). The high dialkyl phosphate levels call for an epidemiological investigation into the health effects of organophosphorous pesticides.     

基于GA-BP算法的含油污泥处理 工艺参数优化

在含油污泥进行资源化处理过程中,针对处理目标受多个因素影响的实际,为了解决工艺之间的耦合问题,采用正交实验的方法来解决,并把主要参数作为优化对象,把含油污泥的脱水率作为评价目标,通过采用GA-BP算法对含油污泥耦合工艺正交实验参数进行了线性与非线性分析.在采用遗传算法优化神经网络的权值和阈值的基础上,用优化后的权值和阈值对测试样本和训练样本进行了预测.预测结果表明,预测误差都有明显减小,分别由0.34211减少到0.031549和0.15476减少到0.040682,可见耦合参数趋向于非线性优化.     

跨漂时间对空气自动监测站二氧化硫准确度的影响

利用国家环保部标准样品研究所已知标准气体,选取绵阳市的三个城市空气自动监测站进行二氧化硫实验分析。结果表明,EC9850B二氧化硫监测仪跨漂后仪器响应快速升至最高值然后逐渐升高趋向稳定,通过连续跨漂的监测数据与已知标准气体的符合性确定仪器跨漂35min后基本稳定,并在标准气体中值附近波动,据此开始记录数据,准确度高,数据有效且质量可控。     

蕃茄转基因受体系统的研究

对蕃茄基因转化的受体系统进行了研究结果表明：在蕃茄离体子叶（或子叶切段）培养中,只加细胞分裂素（Zt或BA）即可使不定芽充分分化,而少量生长素对不定芽的分化反而有抑制作用;在所试验过的多种外植体中,以2／3子叶片处切割子叶所产生的外植体用作转化受体最好;不同蕃茄品种、同一品种的不同外植体及同一外植体的不同培养方式等均对转化频率有一定的影响;通过生长素短期刺激诱导,可解决转基因植物生很困难的问题．     

紫色土丘陵区畜禽养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因分布特征

鉴于紫色土高垦殖丘陵区土壤中抗生素抗性基因的潜在生态环境风险,本研究采用高通量荧光定量PCR技术,分析了抗生素抗性基因在不同类型畜禽养殖场(养猪场、养鸡场和养牛场)土壤中的丰度和多样性.结果表明,3种养殖场土壤中共检出79种抗生素抗性基因和5种可移动基因元件,其中多重耐药类基因是养殖场土壤中丰度最高的耐药基因.不同养殖场土壤中抗生素抗性基因的丰度和多样性均表现为养鸡场和养猪场样品高于养牛场土壤,且3种养殖场土壤样品中的抗性基因表现出不同的类别分布特征.养殖场土壤中较高的可移动基因元件丰度,及其与抗生素抗性基因丰度显著的相关性(P0. 05)说明,可移动基因元件可能促进了抗生素抗性基因在养殖场土壤中的迁移和扩散.     

加速并行遗传算法及其在暴雨强度公式参数优化中的应用

针对标准遗传算法中存在早熟收敛、后期收敛速度慢以及解精度低的问题,结合正交试验设计和元胞自动机模型,提出了一种改进的遗传算法--加速并行遗传算法(APGA).APGA利用正交试验设计确定较好的初始种群,利用元胞自动机模型固有的并行计算能力设计并行遗传算法,借助元胞信息的动态性和多元性实现正交加速过程.该方法不仅能加快遗传算法的收敛速度,而且能提高遗传算法的搜索效率和解的精度,适用于求解复杂的非线性优化问题.APGA用于暴雨强度公式参数的优化实例结果表明,该算法是有效和可行的.     

地质体中的有机氮化合物及其在油藏地球化学中的应用

本文阐述了石油地质体中有机氮化合物的基本地球化学性质、分布与检测方法，以及可能的成因机制，浅析了此类化合物的研究意义，旨在介绍有机氮化合物的研究现状及其在油藏地球化学中的应用。     

青海湖周边地区表层土壤重金属含量和抗性基因丰度及相关性

土壤重金属污染以及抗性基因的流行一直是全球关注的问题,已有许多研究报道了重金属和抗性基因在土壤中的含量,但是高原地区重金属和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)在土壤中的含量并不清楚.因此,调查分析了青海地区土壤中重金属和抗性基因的环境残留量和分布情况,并且探究了土壤中重金属含量和抗生素抗性基因之间的关系.在土壤样品中,重金属ω(Zn)最高［平均值:(50.27±19.88) mg·kg^-1］,其次是重金属ω(Cd)［平均值:(30.27±9.45) mg·kg^-1］,重金属ω(Hg)最低［平均值:(0.027±0.019) mg·kg^-1］.土壤中重金属抗性基因的亚型主要是czcA、merA和merP,它们主要功能是负责对Hg产生耐性.土壤中β-内酰胺酶抗性基因相对丰度(0.1505)最高,占ARGs总丰度的47.54%,四环素(tetracycline)耐药基因占ARGs总丰度的16.93%,FCA约占14.56%,MLSB约占8.77%.可移动的遗传元件(MGEs)多样性和相对丰度均较低,仅检测出tnpA01基因,intl 1和intl2未检出.相关性研究表明,土壤中Cu (r=-0.533,P=0.006)和Hg (r=0.692,P=0.006)含量与海拔高度呈显著负相关,其他重金属含量与海拔高度无显著相关性.此外,重金属含量与土壤类型显著相关(P<0.05).土壤中重金属Hg含量与czcA(r=0.692,P=0.006)、merA (r=0.816,P=0.007)和merP(r=0.594,P=0.02)之间存在显著正相关.研究结果阐明了重金属和ARGs在青藏高原地区的发生和分布,并发现土壤中重金属含量与抗性基因存在显著相关性.