南京北郊PM2.5中有机组分的吸光性质及来源

对南京北郊2018年9月~2019年9月PM_2.5中有机组分的吸光性质进行了研究,并利用PM_2.5化学组成及主成分分析法分析该地区吸光性有机碳（棕碳,brown carbon,BrC）的主要来源.结果表明,水溶性有机碳（water-soluble organic carbon,WSOC）和甲醇可提取有机碳（methanol extractable organic carbon,MEOC）在365 nm处光吸收系数（Abs_365,w和Abs_365,m）的平均值分别为（3.22±2.18）Mm^-1和（7.69±4.93）Mm^-1.Abs_365,w和Abs_365,m分别与WSOC（r=0.72,P<0.01）和MEOC（r=0.62,P=0.04）的质量浓度显著相关,均表现为冬高夏低,夜高昼低的时间变化特征.这可归结于冬季和夜间的气象特征（例如边界层高度降低和大气稳定度升高）、冬季一次源排放的增加以及夏季和白天更强的"光漂白作用".Abs_365,m/Abs_365,w的年均值（2.60±0.92）远高于MEOC/WSOC（质量浓度比值,1.37±0.30）,表明MEOC中非水溶性组分的吸光作用更强,在BrC的吸光作用中占主导地位.WSOC、MEOC、Abs_365,m和K⁺均未表现出强相关性（r<0.60）,因此生物质燃烧不是该地区BrC的主要一次来源.WSOC和MEOC质量吸收效率（MAE_365,w和MAE_365,m）及其比值（MAE_365,m/MAE_365,w）的季节变化和Abs₃₆₅相同.MEOC中非水溶性组分的MAE₃₆₅［（4.10±5.15）m²·g^-1］分别是MAE_365,w和MAE_365,m的6.0和2.9倍,支持BrC的吸光作用受非水溶性有机组分主导这一推断.和WSOC的埃氏吸收指数（Å_WSOC）相比,MEOC的埃氏吸收指数（Å_MEOC）随时间变化更显著,这可能与非水溶性吸光组分排放的季节变化有关.主成分分析结果显示,本研究PM_2.5中有机组分的吸光作用主要来源于二次形成过程和人为活动相关的一次排放,而不是生物质燃烧.     

草木樨在汞胁迫下的遗传分化研究

以草木樨(Melilotus officinalis)种子为研究对象,将其暴露于0、20、40和60 mg·L-1浓度的氯化汞中进行萌发,并对存活的幼苗利用水平淀粉凝胶电泳进行等位酶分析.结果表明,草木樨在Me和Pgi基因座具有多态性,其平均的等位基因数为3.0基因座-1,杂合性为0.332 - 0.342,草木樨符合...     

Species diversity and leaf functional traits of understory vegetation one year after severe burning北大核心CSCD

以北京油松(Pinus tabuliformis)人工林为研究对象,采用独立样本T检验、冗余分析等方法,分析重度火烧1年后林下植被(灌木层和草本层)的物种多样性、叶功能性状及其与土壤因子的关系.结果显示:(1)与对照样地相比,重度火烧后灌木层物种丰富度指数极显著降低(P <0.01),但Shannon指数、Simpson指数以及Pielou指数虽呈下降趋势但未达显著水平(P> 0.05);草本层除Pielou指数外,各物种多样性指数均显著增加(P <0.05).(2)重度火烧样地灌木层和草本层的叶厚度(LT)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶碳含量(LCC)、叶磷含量(LPC)均高于对照样地,而比叶面积(SLA)、叶氮含量(LNC)、叶片氮磷比(N:P)、叶绿素含量(CHL)低于对照样地,除灌木层LPC和N:P及草本层SLA、LCC和LPC外,其他各叶功能性状在火烧与对照间差异均达显著水平.对于不同生活型而言,对照样地的LDMC、LNC、LCC、CHL存在显著差异,而在重度火烧后差异不显著;LT、SLA在重度火烧和对照样地上均呈现显著差异;而LPC、N:P在重度火烧与对照样地上均无显著差异.(3)重度火烧后1年,灌木层和草本层的叶功能性状均仅与土壤含水率、容重和非毛管孔隙度密切相关.本研究表明在油松人工林重度火烧后1年,灌木层物种多样性降低,而草本层物种多样性增加,灌草层的各叶功能性状主要受土壤物理性质的影响呈现不同的变化规律.(图4参45)     

Genomic erosion in a demographically recovered bird species during conservation rescue

The pink pigeon (Nesoenas mayeri) is an endemic species of Mauritius that has made a remarkable recovery after a severe population bottleneck in the 1970s to early 1990s. Prior to this bottleneck, an ex situ population was established from which captive-bred individuals were released into free-living subpopulations to increase population size and genetic variation. This conservation rescue led to rapid population recovery to 400–480 individuals, and the species was twice downlisted on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. We analyzed the impacts of the bottleneck and genetic rescue on neutral genetic variation during and after population recovery (1993–2008) with restriction site-associated sequencing, microsatellite analyses, and quantitative genetic analysis of studbook data of 1112 birds from zoos in Europe and the United States. We used computer simulations to study the predicted changes in genetic variation and population viability from the past into the future. Genetic variation declined rapidly, despite the population rebound, and the effective population size was approximately an order of magnitude smaller than census size. The species carried a high genetic load of circa 15 lethal equivalents for longevity. Our computer simulations predicted continued inbreeding will likely result in increased expression of deleterious mutations (i.e., a high realized load) and severe inbreeding depression. Without continued conservation actions, it is likely that the pink pigeon will go extinct in the wild within 100 years. Conservation rescue of the pink pigeon has been instrumental in the recovery of the free-living population. However, further genetic rescue with captive-bred birds from zoos is required to recover lost variation, reduce expression of harmful deleterious variation, and prevent extinction. The use of genomics and modeling data can inform IUCN assessments of the viability and extinction risk of species, and it helps in assessments of the conservation dependency of populations.     

含裂隙岩石裂纹扩展与剪切特性的数值研究*

为研究直剪条件下含交叉裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性,基于PFC2D研究直剪条件下含裂隙岩石的裂纹扩展模式和剪切特性。研究结果表明:直剪过程可分4个阶段:Ⅰ初始平静阶段、Ⅱ裂纹单一扩展阶段、Ⅲ裂纹复杂扩展阶段、Ⅳ破坏阶段;法向应力越大,Ⅱ,Ⅲ阶段的裂纹扩展程度受到抑制;岩石中含单裂隙时,随裂隙角度α的增加,抗剪强度的变化趋势基本一致,遵循先降后增的规律;含交叉裂隙时,当主裂隙角度α=120°,150°时,抗剪强度随次裂隙角度β的增加呈先减小后增大的趋势,抗剪强度最小值均出现在β=30°;加固含裂隙岩体时,预防裂隙或者潜在破坏面两侧的岩体产生位移差,使其加固后成为1个稳固整体,是避免岩体产生裂纹导致破坏的重要手段。     

猪精液酸性N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶的纯化及性质水

以杜洛克猪精液为材料,采用硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE-32阴离子交换柱层析和Sephadex G-100分子筛柱层析纯化,获得纯化倍数为27.64、比活力为1 773.25 U mg~(-1)的酸性N-乙酰-β-D-氨基葡萄糖苷酶纯酶制剂.经SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法测定,纯酶两种亚基相对分子质量分别为129.13×10~3和62.24×10~3.对其酶学性质的研究结果表明,酶的等电点为5.10,最适pH值为5.5,最适温度为60℃.酶在pH 3.6~9.2、温度10℃～55 ℃的范围内较稳定.以对硝基苯-N-乙酰-β-D-氨罐葡萄糖苷(pNP-NAG)为底物,测得米氏常数K_m为0.455 mmol L~(-1),最大反应速度V_m为17.34μmol L~(-1)min~(-1),活化能为41.70 kJ mol~(-1).图8表1参15     

松毛虫遗传多样性研究中AFLP反应体系的建立

以油松毛虫为材料,对T4 DNA连接酶不同用量、预扩增中的Mg~(2+)浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度以及选择性扩增巾的预扩增产物稀释倍数、Mg2~(2+) 浓度、dNTP浓度、引物浓度和Taq酶浓度进行了比较分析.最终建立了适合松毛虫的AFLP反应体系.用优化的AFLP反应体系,以油松毛虫、赤松毛虫和马尾松毛虫为材料筛选引物,从81对引物组合中筛选出10对多态性高的引物组合.图9参17     

MWNTs/TiO2/聚酯功能复合膜吸附及其净化性能

以聚酯工业滤布为基膜,采用溶胶凝胶和浸渍方法制备了具有吸附-光催化功能的多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)/TiO2涂层的复合膜,该复合膜对模拟水样低浓度(10mg/L)的双酚A具有较高吸附性能.随着复合膜上负载二氧化钛中的MWNTs的比例(17.6%,29.9%,和46.0%)增加,吸附去除率显著提高;吸附饱和的复合膜上的污染物双酚A可通过20W 紫外灯(l=254nm)照射Fenton氧化反应去除.吸附实验和HPLC分析表明,除了超声处理会引起浸渍负载的材料脱落外,复合膜吸附性能恢复较好.     

污泥热水解技术研究进展

热水解可以改善污泥的生物降解性能和脱水性能,提高后续厌氧消化系统中有机物的去除率。本文阐述了热水解对污泥物理特性主要包括流变特性和脱水行为的影响;分析了热水解对污泥中氨氮浓度及对厌氧消化的作用;同时介绍了热水解技术对整个污泥处理系统能量需求的影响。指出：热水解改善了污泥的厌氧消化性能,提高了沼气等再生资源的产量,且厌氧消化产生的沼气量与热水解技术所需的能量基本平衡。     

Influence of physical properties of ammonium nitrate on the detonation behaviour of ANFO

In order to obtain a better understanding of the non-ideal detonation behaviour of ammonium nitrate based explosives, detonation velocities of ANFO (ammonium nitrate and fuel oil) prepared with different kinds of ammonium nitrate (AN) were measured in steel tubes. In this series of test six kinds of AN were used and the influence of the pore diameter, the pore volume and the particle diameter of the AN particle on the detonation velocity of ANFO was investigated.

It was found that the pore diameter and the pore volume had a strong influence on the detonation velocities of ANFO. In the case of ANFO samples which were prepared with AN that had the same pore diameter and the pore volume, when tested the highest detonation velocity (3.85 km/s) was observed when the smallest particle diameter (<0.85 mm) was used. This value corresponded to 75% of the ideal detonation velocity, which was theoretically predicted by the CHEETAH code with the JCZ3-EOS.

The 12 months aging showed the change of the detonation velocities of ANFO and the reaction of ANFO was influenced both by the physical and the chemical properties of AN particles and oil during the storage period.