沙尘暴降尘对甘肃大气环境背景值的影响研究

通过近15年来发生在我国西北地区的较大沙尘暴个例,就沙尘暴对甘肃境内大气环境背景值的影响等问题进行了调查、分析和研究.使用降尘背景观测点的大气降尘资料和样品,统计、分析和研究了沙尘暴降尘在各地区的沉降量、分布范围、化学组分和粒度分布特征等问题.研究认为:沙尘暴不只是一种特异的灾害性天气,同时它还是一种跨地区的大范围大气污染现象;在无湿沉降机会时,它会被输送到很远的地方,所影响和污染区域也会更大;沙尘暴还会向下游地区输送有害物质,对生态环境造成潜在和长期的影响;沙尘暴降尘量在甘肃的分布是以河西走廊东部为中心,向大气环流下游地域扩散,形成一个自西向东南迅速递减的梯度分布状态.受沙尘暴降尘的影响,近15年来甘肃省大气自然降尘背景值总体水平呈上升趋势.      

APEC期间北京及周边城市AQI区域特征及天气背景分析

利用环境监测总站公布的监测资料,分析2014年11月1日至15日,即北京举办亚太经合组织(Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation,APEC)会议期间北京及周边地区空气质量演变及区域特征,结合中国气象局官方发布的同期气象要素和天气形势图,探讨天气背景对APEC期间空气质量改善的影响,结果表明:1强化减排措施实施期间,北京及周边地区良好和轻度污染的天数相对较多,而强化减排措施终止后,重度和严重污染的天数明显增多,表明强化减排措施对北京及周边城市局地空气质量的改善贡献明显;2强化减排措施实施初期,受逆温层的影响,北京及周边城市空气质量指数迅速上升,说明在不利的天气背景下,即便有强化减排措施,污染物也会累积升高,形成污染过程,可见天气背景对空气质量的影响不容忽视;3在强化措施实施后期,虽然受逆温层影响,北京污染物的浓度并没有累积到很高的程度,而天津、唐山、保定和邢台均出现中度和重度污染,进一步说明,强化减排措施的实施对改善北京空气质量的贡献明显.     

三峡水库蓄水对消落带土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量的影响

为揭示水位涨落形成系列淹水梯度对消落带土壤重金属含量的影响,论文采集三峡水库忠县消落带土壤,分析了不同淹水深度土壤Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量,并探讨了这些重金属元素物质来源及其与三峡水库水位涨落关系。结果表明：1）不同淹水深度下消落带土壤重金属含量差异较大,长期淹水土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量远远高于短期淹水和未淹水土壤,Cr则在不同淹水深度略有变化;2）除Cr相对独立外,不同淹水深度下土壤SOM、pH与土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量密切相关,但pH、SOM间仅有微弱的相关关系;3）因子分析中因子1和因子2对Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd的累计贡献率为93.47%,Cu、Zn、Cd在第一轴载荷值为0.962、0.967、0.925,Cr在第二轴载荷值为0.998。研究发现：1）重金属输入来源和流向异质性是决定不同淹水深度Cu、Zn、Cr、Cd含量差异的重要原因,长期淹水显著增加了土壤Cu、Zn、Cd含量,但对Cr效应并不明显;2）区域土壤内Cr主要来源为自然源的土壤侵蚀和母岩风化,Cu、Zn、Cd来源于人为输入的库岸输入和长江上游来水悬浮颗粒沉积,应引起足够重视。     

京津冀与长三角地区氢氯氟碳化物本底特征

基于北京上甸子与浙江临安区域大气本底站2011—2019年氢氯氟碳化物(HCFCs)采样观测数据,开展了京津冀与长三角地区6种HCFCs(HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b、HCFC-124、HCFC-132b和HCFC-133a)本底特征研究。研究结果表明:临安站HCFCs浓度水平和浓度变率比上甸子站明显更高,尤其是HCFC-133a,其浓度及浓度变率均比上甸子站高1个量级,表明长三角地区HCFCs排放量可能较京津冀地区更大。2个站点HCFCs本底浓度基本一致,差异范围为-6.1%~7.1%。上甸子站本底数据占比为26.4%~69.0%,而临安站本底数据占比不足23%。在《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》的约束下,2个站点多数HCFCs年均浓度呈下降趋势或变化较小。2个站点HCFC-132b浓度相对较低,但2019年相比2018年有明显升高。结合风向进行分析,发现上甸子站HCFC-22、HCFC-141b、HCFC-142b和HCFC-132b高浓度水平主要由西南扇区(北京城区方向)的WSW、SSW及SW方向贡献,而HCFC-124和HCFC-133a在各风向上的浓度和载荷差异较小。临安站HCFC-124高浓度水平主要由SSE和NNE方向贡献,分别对应金华和湖州方向;其他5种HCFCs的高浓度水平主要由东北扇区的ENE方向贡献,对应杭州城区方向。     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中Pb——以0.1NHNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂

研究了以0.1N HNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂测定海水中Pb的方法,讨论并确定了测定的最佳条件.结果表明在仪器最佳条件下,以0.1N HNO3抗坏血酸-NaI作基体改进剂可有效消除海水基体干扰,检出限为1.2μg/L,实际样品相对标准偏差小于4%,加标回收率为95%～104%.     

泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及来源解析

稀土元素因其特殊的地球化学特性,具有一定的示踪性质.为了研究泉州市大气降尘中稀土元素地球化学特征及其来源,在泉州市不同功能区以及潜在源区共采集降尘样品34份,对REE组成特征、配分模式、特征参数进行了分析并结合三角图和特征参数关系图解揭示了其来源.结果表明,泉州市大气降尘的ΣREE空间分布差异较大,由高到低顺序为工业区交通繁忙区商业区居住区农业区.居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区的ΣREE变异系数均较小,显示其来源的一致性.降尘和潜在源样品中稀土元素的配分曲线均为右倾,轻稀土相对重稀土富集,具有明显的Eu负异常,表明研究区大气降尘具有较明显的陆源属性.各功能区降尘与潜在源的部分REE特征参数平均值较接近,未能揭示空间差异的成因.LaCeV三角图解表明居住区、交通繁忙区、商业区降尘中REE主要受交通源和土壤尘的影响,其次为燃煤源.δEu-ΣREE和HREEN/MREEN-LaN关系图解进一步说明汽车尾气排放是交通繁忙区和商业区降尘中REE的主要来源.所有功能区的稀土元素受钢铁厂排放物和水泥尘的影响较小,且农业区和工业区的稀土来源与其他功能区存在差异.     

基于地球化学基线的土壤重金属污染风险评价

在实地采样分析的基础上,采用标准化方法确定浑河冲洪积平原表层土壤中Cu、Pb、Zn、Ni、Cr、As、Cd这七种重金属的地球化学基线,分别以土壤环境背景值和地球化学基线为参比值,结合müller地积累指数法和Hkanson潜在生态风险指数法对污染现状和潜在生态风险进行评价。结果表明:其中Pb和As污染较为严重,七种重金属均具有不同程度的潜在生态风险,Cd是具有相对较高潜在生态风险的污染因子,45%采样点土壤多种重金属的潜在生态风险达到中等。     

Microbial Fe(III) Reduction in Acidic Mining Lake Sediments after Addition of an Organic Substrate and Lime

To elucidate the role of Fe(III) reduction in mining lake sediments amended with organic substrates, we performed a large (10 m diameter) enclosure experiment in which sediments were amended with Carbokalk, a waste product from sugar industry containing organic carbon and lime. Fe(III) reduction rates were determined monthly by measuring the accumulation of Fe(II) in the sediments in the field. Fe(III) reduction rates were also determined by incubating sediment samples with synthetic Fe(III) oxyhydroxide under in situ temperature in the laboratory. Sulfate reduction was selectively inhibited in the Fe(III) reduction experiments by addition of sodium molybdate. Sulfate reduction was measured by accumulation of reduced inorganic sulfides in the field and by ³⁵S radiotracer using a core injection technique. Sediment incubation and determination of sulfate reduction rates with radiotracer showed that sulfate reduction and direct microbial Fe(III) reduction occured simultaneously in the upper centimeters of the sediments and that both processes contributed to alkalinity generation. However, Fe(III) reduction was the initial process and rates were at least 3.5 fold higher than sulfate reduction rates. The results indicate that the presence of suitable anions for Fe(II) precipitation as carbonate or sulfide is needed in order to prevent loss of potential alkalinity by Fe(II) diffusion and reoxidation in the water column.     

Perfluorocarbon background concentrations in Europe

Five studies of the background level of several perfluorocarbon compounds in Europe are here presented together with measurements from the European Tracer Experiment (ETEX). The tracers used during the two ETEX tracer releases were the perfluorocarbons (PFCs); perfluoromethylcyclohexane (C₇F₁₄, PMCH) and perfluoromethylcyclopentane (C₆F₁₂, PMCP). Their background concentrations were detected by using both passive and active sampling techniques, to define the spatial and temporal variation of the PFCs over Europe. Also the background variations of four isomers of the PFC compound perfluorodimethylcyclohexane (C₈F₁₆, PDCH) were studied. The results were compared to other PFC tracer studies in the U.S.A. and Europe. The mean and median values of the measured PFCs were found to vary slightly and randomly in space and time. They were found to be higher and to have a larger standard deviation than the measurements from the American studies. The background concentrations were still found to be low and stable enough for PFCs to be highly suitable for use in tracer studies. The following concentrations were found: PMCP; 4.6±0.3 fl ℓ^-1, PMCH: 4.6±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ocPDCH: 0.96±0.33 fl ℓ^-1, mtPDCH: 9.3±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, mcPDCH: 8.8±0.8 fl ℓ^-1, ptPDCH: 6.1±0.8 fl ℓ^-1. A study of the correlation between the measured PFC compounds showed a significant correlation between most of the compounds, which indicate that there are no major PFC sources in Europe.     

浙江省地质灾害现状及防治措施

概述了浙江省地质灾害的发生背景及灾害现状;从行政管理与技术治理两方面提出了地质灾害防治措施。