Genotoxicity of chromium in vitro on yeast: Interaction with DNA†

The genotoxicity of chromium chloride was investigated in cells of D₇ strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae harvested either from logarithmic or stationary growth phase.

A weak induction of mifotic gene conversion and point reverse mutation was obtained when the incubations were performed using phosphate buffer. No genetic effect was observed when the incubations were performed using Tris‐HCl buffer.

The experiments with ⁵¹Cr radiotracer demonstrated that Cr³⁺ ion enters the yeast cells and binds to DNA even if the incubation mixture was performed with Tris HCl buffer. This behaviour could be due to the highest concentration of CrCl₃ that cause some damages to cytoplasmatic membrane.     

MULTICOMPONENT GEOCHEMICAL TRANSPORT MODELING USING HYDRUS-1D AND HP11

Abstract: The transport of reactive contaminants in the subsurface is generally affected by a large number of nonlinear and often interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes. Simulating these processes requires a comprehensive reactive transport code that couples the physical processes of water flow and advective-dispersive transport with a range of biogeochemical processes. Two recently developed coupled geochemical models that are both based on the HYDRUS-1D software package for variably saturated flow and transport are summarized in this paper. One model resulted from coupling HYDRUS-1D with the UNSATCHEM module. While restricted to major ion chemistry, this program enables quantitative predictions of such problems as analyzing the effects of salinity on plant growth and the amount of water and amendments required to reclaim salt-affected soil profiles. The second model, HPI, resulted from coupling HYDRUS-1D with the PHREEQC biogeochemical code. The latter program accounts for a wide range of instantaneous or kinetic chemical and biological reactions, including complexation, cation exchange, surface complexation, precipitation dissolution and/or redox reactions. The versatility of HP1 is illustrated in this paper by means of two examples: the leaching of toxic trace elements and the transport of the explosive TNT and its degradation products.     

焦化苯初馏份蒸馏釜发生爆炸的原因探讨

通过对某企业的一起典型爆炸事故案例进行分析,找出其产生的原因,提出了预防措施。     

Predicting the aquatic risk of realistic pesticide mixtures to species assemblages in Portuguese river basins

Although pesticide regulatory tools are mainly based on individual substances, aquatic ecosystems are usually exposed to multiple pesticides from their use on the variety of crops within the catchment of a river. This study estimated the impact of measured pesticide mixtures in surface waters from 2002 and 2008 within three important Portuguese river basins (‘Mondego’, ‘Sado’ and ‘Tejo’) on primary producers, arthropods and fish by toxic pressure calculation. Species sensitivity distributions (SSDs), in combination with mixture toxicity models, were applied. Considering the differences in the responses of the taxonomic groups as well as in the pesticide exposures that these organisms experience, variable acute multi-substance potentially affected fractions (msPAFs) were obtained. The median msPAF for primary producers and arthropods in surface waters of all river basins exceeded 5%, the cut-off value used in the prospective SSD approach for deriving individual environmental quality standards. A ranking procedure identified various photosystem II inhibiting herbicides, with oxadiazon having the relatively largest toxic effects on primary producers, while the organophosphorus insecticides, chlorfenvinphos and chlorpyrifos, and the organochloride endosulfan had the largest effects on arthropods and fish, respectively. These results ensure compliance with European legislation with regard to ecological risk assessment and management of pesticides in surface waters.     

Immobilization of lead in anthropogenic contaminated soils using phosphates with/without oxalic acid

Understanding the effects of oxalic acid(OA) on the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) in contaminated soils by phosphate materials, has considerable benefits for risk assessment and remediation strategies for the soil. A series of phosphate amendments with/without oxalic acid were applied to two anthropogenic contaminated soils. We investigated the immobilization of Pb(Ⅱ) by KH2PO4, phosphate rock(PR), activated phosphate rock(APR) and synthetic hydroxyapatite(HAP) at different phosphate:Pb(P:Pb) molar ratios(0, 0.6, 2.0 and 4.0) in the presence/absence of 50 mmol oxalic acid/kg soil, respectively. The effects of treatments were evaluated using single extraction with deionized water or Ca Cl2, Community Bureau of Reference(BCR) sequential extraction and toxicity characteristic leaching procedure(TCLP)methods. Our results showed that the concentration of water extractable, exchangeable and TCLP-Pb all decreased with incubation time. The concentration of water-extractable Pb after120 days was reduced by 100% when soils were amended with APR, HAP and HAP + OA, and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L for the red soil at P:Pb molar ratio 4.0. Water-soluble Pb could not be detected and the TCLP-Pb was 5 mg/L at all treatments applied to the yellow-brown soil. BCR results indicated that APR was most effective, although a slight enhancement of water-soluble phosphate was detected at the P:Pb molar ratio 4.0 at the beginning of incubation. Oxalic acid activated phosphates, and so mixing insoluble phosphates with oxalic acid may be a useful strategy to improve their effectiveness in reducing Pb bioavailability.     

贵阳市土壤地球化学背景与生态环境分析

通过1∶250 000多目标区域地球化学调查,获得了贵阳市及邻区表、深层土壤中54项化学指标的地球化学背景值、基准值等参数。研究区总体土壤环境呈中偏酸性,对生态环境影响较大。土壤化学物质组成丰富,地球化学背景分布不均匀。除活动性强的化学组分对成土母质有分异外,多数化学组分对成土母质继承性显著。表层土壤有机碳、全碳、硫、氮、硒、氟和汞、镉、砷等的地球化学背景值显著高于深层土壤和我国其它城市地球化学基准值。前者适宜发展生态富硒特色农业,后者表明土壤环境安全形势严峻。土壤地球化学背景为生态环境评价和其它相关学科研究提供了科学基础,由此提出生态环境保护和利用建议。     

陕西绥德地区黄土-古土壤序列地球化学特征及其环境指示意义

黄土高原北部的绥德地区处于干旱-半干旱地区,对环境变化的响应十分敏感,通过对黄土-古土壤的研究对比可以探索该区的古环境气候特征、环境变化信息等相关问题.本文对绥德黄土-古土壤进行常量、微量、稀土元素测试分析,并与其他地区黄土的地球化学特征进行了对比.结果 表明:绥德地区黄土-古土壤的主要化学成分以SiO2、Al2O3、...     

滇西北剑湖沉积物钒空间分布特征和生态风险

用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪（ICP-OES）测定剑湖表层及柱状沉积物钒（V）含量,采用改进BCR连续提取法提取V各形态,并对V空间分布特征和生态风险进行了分析,揭示了粒度对剑湖沉积物V及形态含量的影响.结果表明,剑湖表层沉积物和柱状沉积物颗粒均以粉砂粒和细砂为主,细颗粒V含量更高.表层沉积物V含量为（117.82±63.31）mg/kg,其水平空间分布差异较大.V可交换态、可还原态、可氧化态和残渣态含量分别为（8.91±8.91）,（18.36±10.53）,（7.67±7.67）,（80.22±58.71）mg/kg,主要以残渣态形式存在,且黏粒和粉砂粒对V可还原态和残渣态影响较大.V垂直分布差异大,底层V含量高于表层,少部分区域受黏粒和粉砂粒影响.剑湖沉积物V污染程度小,大部分地区潜在生态风险较低,底层沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险都高于表层.     

湘西北黑色泥灰岩风化剖面重金属富集的地球化学机制

通过对湘西北地区黑色泥灰岩风化剖面（DM剖面）中Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb、Th、U 8种重金属元素地球化学特征的研究,并与区域上发育于黑色页岩的2条风化剖面的对比分析,初步揭示了黑色泥灰岩风化剖面中重金属富集的地球化学机制。结果表明：（1）与黑色页岩相比,黑色泥灰岩风化成土过程中重金属元素普遍呈现出低背景、高富集的地球化学特征。（2）黑色泥灰岩风化剖面的形成,是在基岩中碳酸盐快速溶蚀的基础上（基岩的酸溶相含量为78.57%）,由酸不溶相进一步演化的结果。在此过程中,对于无明显外源输入的元素Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb、Th、U,一方面,赋存在酸溶相的部分随碳酸盐的淋失而亏损甚至强烈亏损（其中Th相对惰性）;另一方面,残余在酸不溶相的部分因基岩中大量碳酸盐的淋失而显著富集,且随风化剖面的演化未显示出进一步的亏损。因此,这些元素在风化剖面中的富集是绝对（强烈）亏损和显著相对富集的综合结果。对于Cd,存在明显的外源输入,可能主要以水溶态形式带入并大量淀积在剖面下部。（3）在黑色泥灰岩风化剖面,有机质（OM）不是重金属元素的主要赋存介质,其对重金属元素地球化学行为的影响有限。（4）黑色泥灰岩发育的土壤中,Cu和Cd的平均含量分别为54.58 mg/kg和0.58 mg/kg,高于农用地土壤污染风险筛选值,特别是Cd,对土壤生态环境可能形成不利影响,应引起关注。     

可燃气体燃爆特性综合试验装置构建与甲烷试验

为研究半开敞空间内可燃气体爆炸过程,设计带有泄压面的气体爆炸室,并在此基础上构建一套可燃气体燃爆特性综合试验装置。运用该试验装置,研究预混塔内甲烷气体分层现象以及甲烷爆炸浓度与最小点火能之间的变化规律。甲烷分层试验结果表明:静置一段时间后,预混塔中甲烷浓度随高度的增加而增大。最小点火能试验结果显示,当甲烷的试验爆炸体积分数在10%～13%时,其浓度与点火能之间呈现比较平缓的变化关系,而当其体积分数小于10%或大于13%时,浓度稍微变化,其点火能将发生明显变化。