不同来源重金属在土壤中的形态分布差异

试验表明：不同来源的Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ复合污染物在土壤中的形态分布有明显的差异，在废矿水和尾矿砂污染的土壤中，Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以残渣态存在，而添加土壤中的Ｐｂ主要以弱专性吸附态和有机结合态存在，Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ主要以交换态存在，大豆苗对添加土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力较强，而对废矿水污染和尾矿砂污染土壤中Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ和Ｃｄ的富集能力相对较弱。     

浙江省中部萤石产区氟环境与地方性氟病

通过对浙江省中部萤石产区氟地球化学环境的初步研究，探讨了该区地方性氟病的成因和分布规律，指出了地方性氟病与高氟环境的关系。     

High Cu and Cd pollution in sediments from Sisimiut, Greenland. Adsorption to organic matter and fine particles

High concentrations of Cu of up to 200 mg/kg, and Cd of up to 4.0 mg/kg, were found in sediments from the aquatic environment around Sisimiut, Greenland. These concentrations are four times higher than the limiting concentration where toxicological effects are expected. The pollution could be linked to human activities in Sisimiut, a link that have not been investigated previously in Greenland. Except from the most polluted samples there was good correlation between heavy metal concentration and organic matter. Also some relationship between fine fraction and heavy metal concentration was observed.     

Reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar

The extreme density of population of Gibraltar, situated at the southern tip of Spain, exerts considerable pressure on land use and thus future planning is of utmost importance. An initial reconnaissance soil geochemical survey of Gibraltar was based on 120 surface samples (0–15 cm) taken from a wide range of exposed, either bare soil or vegetated sites, to provide the optimum geographical distribution. The total elemental concentrations of 26 elements (Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, La, Ti, V, Cr, Mo, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Zn, Cd, Pb, P, S, As) were determined by nitric/percholric acid digestion followed by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis. The reconnaissance data shows that the spatial distribution of various elements depended on previous and present land use. Most elements (Ca, Cr, Mg and Mn excluded) exhibited relatively high concentrations in civilian and natural soils. Trends have been established for many elements, and concentrations exceeding guideline values have been found in certain areas of Gibraltar. This reconnaissance of Gibraltar is at present being followed by a more detailed baseline geochemical survey, which will establish the extent and magnitude of the variations in major and trace elements in soils and dusts, assess the impact of industrial, commercial and urban development on the geochemical landscape and to make recommendations concerning sustainable development.     

Trace Metal Distribution and Enrichment in Benthic, Estuarine Sediments: Southport Broadwater, Australia

The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) in benthic sediments of the Southport Broadwater, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia, was studied with the objective of assessing the extent and degree of sediment contamination. Sediment samples from the 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depth intervals of 32 sites within the Southport Broadwater and surrounding residential canals were analysed for particle size distribution, pH, organic C and ‘near-total’ major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and trace (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) metal contents. Sediment contamination for each trace metal was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical normalisation against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, the results indicate that submerged sediments in the study area are not presently enriched with Cd, Cr or Ni, with the spatial distribution of these metals being very well explained by the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals. However, several sites were strongly enriched with Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The study indicates that several varying approaches are needed for a satisfactory assessment of contaminant enrichment in estuarine sediments.     

初论元素富集成矿的地球化学机理—以岩浆热液矿床的形成为例

元素富集成矿的过程实质上是元素在地球不同圈层和不同相以及不同集合体之间分配的结果。元素的富集起始于地球形成的初期。对于大多数金属成矿元素 ,地壳特别是上地壳是大多数矿石和矿胎的储库 ,地壳丰度是元素富集成矿的物质基础。元素在地质体系演化共存相间的分配是元素富集成矿的关键过程。对于以侵入体为中心的热液矿床的形成 ,岩浆部分熔融、结晶分异、液态分离、挥发分分离以及气液相不混溶等过程能够导致金属元素最终达到矿石级的富集。挥发分则是元素富集成矿的重要制约因素     

贵州独山锑矿田地质地球化学特征和构造动力热液成矿

独山锑矿田位于独山箱状背斜核部近倾伏端,矿床、矿体的产出严格受断裂控制,其半坡式锑矿呈脉状产于下泥盆统、志留系碎屑岩的陡倾斜断裂中;其巴年式的锑矿呈层状产于中泥盆统碎屑岩与碳酸盐岩之间的层间滑动带中。成矿温度低,矿石组分和围岩蚀变简单,锑主要来源于下伏地层,硫主要来源于赋矿地层．成矿流体主要为大气降水,构造动力成矿作用导致锑矿床的形成,矿床类型为一典型的构过动对热液矿床。     

地球化学工程与环境保护

地球化学工程指应用地球化学过程来改善环境 ,它是一个有着广泛分支的新领域。环境保护是地球化学工程的重要组成部分。详细介绍了地球化学工程中的环境技术问题 ,例如中和、集中、分散、固定和隔离 ,并给出了相关的例子。     

基于紫外光谱分析的腐殖质混凝控制

腐殖质是水溶性天然有机物(DOM)的主要成分,对水处理过程有重要影响.为探究利用紫外光谱分析实现饮用水处理在线混凝控制的可行性和理论基础,以含腐殖酸和高岭土配水为实验对象,通过烧杯实验考察了不同水质条件对PACl混凝剂最佳投加量的影响,研究了SUVA_(254)和光谱特征斜率与混凝效果的相关性,利用排阻色谱分析了紫外光谱斜率与水体有机物组分之间的关系.结果表明,混凝剂最佳投加量与DOM浓度呈正比关系,两者计量学关系(以Al/DOC计)为0.61mg·mg~(-1).随混凝剂投加量的增加,腐殖酸溶液的SUVA_(254)从8.9 L·(mg·m)~(-1)下降并稳定至2.0 L·(mg·m)~(-1),有机物去除率与SUVA_(254)值呈正相关.光谱斜率与SUVA_(254)的变化趋势一致,且S_(275~295)与SUVA_(254)线性相关最优(R2=0.81).排阻色谱结果表明,混凝优先去除DOM中的腐殖质组分,S275~295与有机物中腐殖质组分对总UVA_(254)的占比存在明显的线性相关,光谱斜率测定对实现饮用水混凝过程的控制有重要意义.     

油菜硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒的关系

为系统研究油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,采用人工添加外源硒(0、0.5、5.0 mg·kg~(-1)土壤)的方式,构建了土壤含不同浓度硒的大田实验系统.测定了成熟期油菜不同部位硒总量、籽粒中有机小分子硒化合物及根际土壤中各形态硒的含量.明确了硒在油菜体内的富集特征;分析了籽粒中硒含量同其他组织部位及土壤硒含量间的关系;深入解析了土壤各形态硒对油菜硒的贡献.结果表明,随土壤硒浓度的增加,由根部向地上部转移的硒的比例增大;土壤高浓度(5.0 mg·kg~(-1))硒处理下,更大比例的硒富集于角果壳和籽粒中;硒代蛋氨酸、硒代半胱氨酸是籽粒中主要形态的有机小分子硒化合物;各浓度硒处理土壤中,均以铁锰氧化物结合态为主,占土壤总硒的87.24%~97.40%;籽粒硒含量与其他组织部位硒及土壤硒含量呈显著相关;茎干中硒与根系中硒含量呈正相关,而茎干中硒又是角果壳硒的主要贡献因子,茎干和角果壳硒对籽粒硒具有同等贡献.研究结果明确了油菜对硒的富集特征及其与土壤硒形态间的关系,有助于通过土壤中硒形态和植物营养器官中硒含量来评估籽粒中硒含量.