“两带”渗透率分布模型应用及渗透率规律研究*

为了研究覆岩破坏后形成“两带”的渗透率分布规律,根据理论推导应力-应变曲线以及采空区材料力学参数公式,建立“两带”渗透率分布模型,采用COMSOL软件分别对垮落带的渗透率分布和断裂带渗透率分布进行数值模拟。研究结果表明:垮落带渗透率呈“椭圆”分布,渗透率最大可达到1.07×10-6 m2,最小可达到1.5×10-8 m2;随着高度的增加,采空区两侧的渗透率变化幅度增加,中部的渗透率变化值较小。断裂带渗透率呈“铲状”分布,靠近工作面区域渗透率最大,断裂带的渗透率在上下隅角处最大可达到1.8×10-10 m2,垂直方向上随着高度的增加渗透率减小。研究结果可为西部典型浅埋煤层安全高效开采提供现场指导作用。     

城市内涝的时空分布特征及其成因分析 ——以呼和浩特市区为例

以呼和浩特市区为例,通过收集历史内涝数据与实地调查,共收集到78处积水点的具体位置、内涝范围和发生频率等实际数据,并对其内涝成因进行分析.结果表明:2016—2019年内涝灾害较2010—2016年频繁;其次,内涝主要发生在6—9月间,尤其集中在7月.空间分布特征表明,赛罕区积水点分布密度最大,而玉泉区最小.相关性分析...     

The evolution of mass balance models of persistent organic pollutant fate in the environment

Current approaches to modelling the fate of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in the environment have evolved in response to four dominant characteristics of these substances; namely: (1) the presence of POPs in virtually all environmental phases and the ease with which they move from one to the other requires multi-compartmental modelling. Describing transport across phase boundaries becomes as, or even more, important as quantifying transport within the phases; (2) POPs may persist in the environment for many decades. For chemicals that 'have time', concepts such as equilibrium partitioning and steady-state become more important than for short-lived substances whose fate is more controlled by the rates of transformation; (3) measuring POPs is difficult and expensive and observed concentrations of POPs are not available in high spatial or temporal resolution. Consequently, high resolution tends not to be a high priority in POP models; and (4) detrimental effects of POPs often manifest themselves in top predators, which has led to a focus on modelling biotic uptake and transfer within food chains. The task of building a POPs model is viewed as combining the four 'building blocks' of partitioning, transport, transformation and source data with the help of the law of the conservation of mass. Process models, evaluative models, models of real local, regional and global fate, as well as biological uptake models are presented and references to numerous examples are provided. An attempt is made to forecast future directions in the field of POPs modelling. It is expected that modelling techniques that do not rely on quantitative emission estimates as well as approaches that take into account spatial, temporal and climatic variability as well as parameter uncertainty will increase in importance. Finally, the relationship between modelling POPs and models of other pollutant issues is addressed, as are potential interactions between POPs and pollutant issues such as eutrophication, acidification and global climate change.     

Alien plant invasions--incorporating emerging invaders in regional prioritization: a pragmatic approach for Southern Africa

Plant invasions are a serious threat to natural and semi-natural ecosystems worldwide. Most management-orientated research on invasions focuses on invaders that are already widespread and often have major impacts. This paper deals with "emerging" invaders-those alien species with the potential to become important problems without timely intervention. A climate matching procedure was developed to define areas of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland that could be invaded by 28 plant species that had previously been classified as emerging invaders. Information on the location of populations of these species in the study area was combined with information on their distributions (as native or alien) in parts of Australia and the United States of America. These two countries had the best available distribution data for this study. They also share many invasive alien plant species with South Africa. Climatic data obtained for weather stations near points of known occurrence in these countries were used to define the climatically suitable areas for each species in the study area. Almost 80% of the remaining natural environment in southern Africa was found to be vulnerable to invasion by at least one of these species, 50% by six or more and 24% by 16 or more species. The most vulnerable areas are the highveld grasslands and the eastern escarpment. The emerging invaders with the greatest potential range included Acacia podalyriifolia and Cortaderia selloana. The globally important invaders Ulex europaeus and Lythrum salicaria had a more limited invasion potential but could still become major invaders. There was no relationship between the extent of the climatically suitable areas for the different species and an expert ranking of their invasion potential, emphasising the uncertainties inherent in making expert assessments based on very little information. The methods used in this analysis establish a protocol for future modelling exercises to assess the invasion potential of other emerging invaders.     

Conceptual Models as Hypotheses in Monitoring Urban Landscapes

Many problems and challenges of ecosystem management currently are driven by the rapid pace and spatial extent of landscape change. Parks and reserves within areas of high human population density are especially challenged to meet the recreational needs of local populations and to preserve valued environmental resources. The complex problem of managing multiple objectives and multiple resources requires an enormous quantity of information, and conceptual models have been proposed as tools for organizing and interpreting this information. Academics generally prefer a bottom-up approach to model construction that emphasizes ecologic theory and process, whereas managers often use a top-down approach that takes advantage of existing information to address more pragmatic objectives. The authors propose a formal process for developing, applying, and testing conceptual models to be used in landscape monitoring that reconciles these seemingly opposing perspectives. The four-step process embraces the role of hypothesis testing in the development of models and evaluation of their utility. An example application of the process to a network of national parks in and around Washington, DC illustrates the ability of the approach to systematically identify monitoring data that would both advance ecologic theory and inform management decisions.     

未来RCP4.5情景下黄海DMS浓度变化模拟与分析

使用CORDEX-EA过去气候态(2000-2009年)与RCP4.5情景下近未来气候态(2041-2050年)大气强迫结果驱动中国东部陆架海域耦合DMS模块生态模型,模拟了黄海过去及近未来表层DMS浓度(C_DMS),探究了黄海近未来C_DMS时空分布的变化及其影响因素.结果表明:近未来黄海C_DMS的年循环发生变化,北黄海C_DMS极高值出现月份由5、9月转变为4、10月,南黄海由4、9月转变为4、8月;局部C_DMS高值区也发生变化,春季山东半岛附近海域、夏季苏北浅滩、南黄海中东部、秋季南黄海东部C_DMS高值区加强,夏季山东半岛附近C_DMS高值区减弱.近未来热通量、风应力对山东半岛、南黄海中东部海域C_DMS影响较大;降水量、云量对西朝鲜湾C_DMS的影响占优;苏北浅滩C_DMS受多个气候因子共同作用.     

Year-round observation of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing: Size distribution, source analysis, and reduction mechanism

To investigate particle characteristics and find an effective measure to control severe particle pollution, year-round observation of size-segregated inorganic aerosols was conducted in Beijing from January to December, 2016. The sampled atmospheric particles all presented bimodal size distribution at four pollution levels (clear, slight pollution, moderate pollution and severe pollution), and peak values appeared at the size range of 0.7-2.1 μm and >9.0 μm, respectively. As dominant particle compositions, NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, and NH₄⁺ in four pollution levels all showed significant peaks in fine mode, especially at the size range of 1.1-2.1 μm. Secondary inorganic aerosols accounted for about 67.6% (36.3% (secondary sulfates) + 31.3% (secondary nitrates)) of the total sources of fine particles in urban Beijing. Severe pollution of fine particles was mainly caused by the air masses transported from nearby western and southern areas, which are industrial and densely populated region, respectively. Sensitivity tests further revealed that the control measures focusing on ammonium emission reduction was the most effective for particle pollution mitigation, and fine particles all showed nonlinear responses after reducing ammonium, nitrate, and sulfate concentrations, with the fitting curves of y = -120.8x - 306.1x² + 290.2x³, y = -43.5x - 67.8x², and y = -25.8x - 110.4x² + 7.6x³, respectively (y and x present fine particle mass variation (μg/m³) and concentration reduction ratio (CRR)/100 (dimensionless)). Overall, our study presents useful information for understanding the characteristics of atmospheric inorganic aerosols in urban Beijing, as well as offers policy makers with effective measure for mitigating particle pollution.     

黄土高原大气降水δ18O的空间分布

大气降水δ¹⁸O值的空间分布可以为理解现代大气中的水分输送提供空间信息,也可以为解释古气候代用指标的环境意义提供基础。本文整理了黄土高原44个站点的实测降水δ¹⁸O数据,基于纬度和海拔构建回归模型并得到了黄土高原降水δ¹⁸O的同位素景观图谱,结合实测资料和图谱结果分析了降水δ¹⁸O的年内变化和空间分布特征,并评价了两种全球降水同位素景观图谱产品的适用性,得出以下结论：（1）黄土高原降水δ¹⁸具有明显的年内变化特征,春夏季相对富集,秋冬季较为贫化。（2）黄土高原降水δ¹⁸O高值区多出现在南部的渭河谷地一带,低值区则主要出现在西部高原山地和北部边缘。（3）黄土高原北部与西部降水δ¹⁸温度效应更为明显,向南和向东延伸,温度效应逐渐弱化。（4）两种全球降水同位素景观图谱产品对δ¹⁸值的最佳模拟结果均出现在夏季,冬季模拟较差。     

土壤环境汞污染现状及其影响因素研究进展

土壤重金属污染导致土壤环境质量显著降低,影响食品安全、水源水质和空气质量等,严重威胁人类的生存和发展。汞（Hg）作为一种全球性的重金属污染物,广泛分布于多种环境介质中,其中土壤是全球汞最大的储存库。土壤中的汞可通过多种暴露途径进入人体,危害人类健康。伴随着全球气候变暖和人为活动加剧,全球土壤汞污染问题日益严重。然而,目前有关土壤汞污染的基础数据较为缺乏,大范围的土壤汞污染空间分布特征分析相对较少,对于土壤汞污染主控因子的分析方法缺乏系统的阐述。因此,本文基于文献调研的方法,分析了全球的土壤汞污染分布特征,发现全球土壤汞污染主要集中在矿区及工业聚集区,阐述了人为因素、气候条件和土壤环境因素等对土壤汞含量变化的影响,并总结了可应用于土壤汞污染主控因子分析的常用方法及其优缺点。同时,本文对未来土壤汞污染调查和研究进行了3方面的展望,以期为更加科学合理的解决土壤汞污染问题做出贡献。     

再生铜冶炼过程中重金属排放特征和控制

再生铜冶炼是重要的重金属排放源,为掌握再生铜冶炼过程中重金属的排放特征和控制效果,通过固定源等速采样装置采集不同冶炼阶段的烟气样品,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪测定烟气和飞灰中重金属的浓度,并估算重金属的排放因子.结果表明,在冷却阶段烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度较高,经过布袋除尘器和吸附塔等污染控制装置后,重金属和颗粒物被协同脱除,脱除效率达80%～99%.排放烟气中重金属的浓度在阳极炉不同工艺段中的排序为：加料熔融段>氧化段≈还原段,且As、 Pb、 Cr、 Sn、 Sb和Cd的平均排放因子分别为2.6×10³、2.4×10³、2.7×10³、5.6×10²、34.1和9.8 mg·t^-1,烟气中重金属和颗粒物的浓度均满足行业排放标准.飞灰中Cu和Zn的浓度较高,具有回收利用价值.