雅康高速公路对四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产的影响

雅康高速公路的建设对于构建川藏“经济走廊”,促进甘孜及西藏地区的发展,具有十分重要的意义。雅康高速公路将穿越四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产的外围保护区,建设过程中将可能对大熊猫栖息地的保护产生负面的影响,明确高速公路建设对四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产的潜在影响,对于正确处理高速公路建设与世界遗产保护的关系具有重要的意义。通过实地调查和访问,根据拟建公路与遗产地关系剖面图,初步分析了拟建雅康高速公路所推荐的K方案对四川大熊猫栖息地的潜在影响。研究结果表明：雅康高速公路对四川大熊猫栖息地的真实性与完整性不会产生直接影响,但二郎山特长隧道的工程地质勘探以及通风井群的施工与维护对自然景观会形成明显干扰。为更好地保护四川大熊猫栖息地世界自然遗产,就拟建的雅康高速公路提出了相应的管理措施     

桑植县大鲵资源调查

张家界国家级大鲵自然保护区的核心区域位于湖南省桑植县境内。为了科学地掌握该县大鲵〖WTBX〗（Andrias davidianus）〖WTBZ〗资源状况,对大鲵资源的分布区域和数量进行了调查。结果表明：近年该县野生大鲵分布区域不断缩小,呈不连续点状分布,主要存在于澧水北源流经的五道水镇川洞峡,澧水南源流经的院子及酉水流经的芙蓉桥乡泉河等14处;野生资源量仍在衰退,目前仅约976尾。人工养殖大鲵资源主要分布五道水镇和芙蓉桥乡;人工养殖资源量增加较大,约2.64万尾。基于以上现状,认为需要加强大鲵资源保护管理,重视野生大鲵栖息地生态环境保护与基础研究,增加人工养殖大鲵的野外放流数量,以逐步恢复野生大鲵资源;同时继续发展大鲵人工养殖,不断增加人工养殖大鲵的资源量.     

圈养大熊猫乳汁营养成分分析及育幼营养对策初探

连续测定了１只１０ａ大熊猫产后１ｍｏ内１２个乳汁样品中水份、粗蛋白（ＣＰ）、粗脂肪（ＥＥ）、粗灰分（ＣＡ）、乳糖（Ｌａｃ）、１７种氨基酸（ＡＡ）、１０种矿物元素、６种维生素的含量．结果表明，大熊猫产后前６ｄ乳汁中多数营养素含量与６ｄ后含量差异明显．产后ｄ１乳汁中ｗ（ＣＰ）＝６．３４％，ｄ５～１５在５％左右；ｗ（ＥＥ）在２．５０％～７．３３％范围内变动；乳糖含量皆在１％左右；大多数维生素和微量元素含量远高于常见的家畜乳和人乳中相应成分的含量．在分析大熊猫乳汁营养成分含量特点的基础上，探讨了育纳营养对策．     

大熊猫乳汁水解氨基酸含量的测定分析

收集了一只16岁圈养大熊猫产后d 2,d 3,d 5~9,d 11,d 12和d 17的乳汁样品各1个共计10个,并测定了其17种水解氨基酸(AA)的含量.结果表明,所有样品中G lu的含量最高,其次是Leu、Pro、Asp、Ser等,G ly含量最低.产后d 2~d 6的乳汁样品中AA含量稍有波动,除G ly和Cys外,其余含量从d 7~d 17呈逐渐升高的趋势;除Thr和G ly外,d 12或d 17乳汁样品中其余AA(d 12乳样中Asp除外)的含量都高于d 2的含量.d 2~d 6乳汁中Thr、G ly、Phe和Asp与总AA的比值极显著和显著高于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05),而G lu、Pro和A la(都为非必需氨基酸)比值极显著和显著低于d 7~d 17的(P<0.01和P<0.05).乳汁中非必需氨基酸与必需氨基酸比值(NEAA/EAA)平均值为1.55±0.05.NEAA和EAA都有随泌乳天数延长而逐步升高的趋势.图1表4参11     

使用冷藏精液进行大熊猫（Ailuropoda melanoleuca）人工授精

使用在4℃冷藏24 h和48 h的精液对5岁的雌性大熊猫妃妃进行了人工授精,以保持圈养大熊猫的遗传多样性. 供精者乐乐是一只患皮肤癌的雄性大熊猫,睾丸体积为(386.1±214) cm3,在2000-02-23～05-11期间,4次人工采精刺激电压5～8 V,射精电压5～8 V,每次采精量(3.2±1.2) mL,精子密度为(1 208.5±564.9)×106/mL-1,每次精子总量(3 908.3±2 546.6)×106,精液平均活力为84.8%±4.1%,活率为87.8%±5.2%,运动状态为2.9±0.25,畸形率为28.3%±11.1%,平均顶体正常率为96%±1%,pH值为7.9±0.3.乐乐的精液用TEST稀释后,在4℃冷藏24 h、48 h和72 h后,精子活力分别是65%,58%和47%,精子的活率分别为73%,73%和68%.用酶免法对雌兽妃妃尿液中雌激素的检测,发现妃妃的雌激素在发情前期开始增加,在发情前期的最后一天达到最大峰值,在发情期(4月3日～5日)迅速下降到正常值,进行人工授精的最佳时间是在雌兽尿液中的雌激素达到最大峰值后的48～72 h之间.妃妃在2000-08-10顺利地产下一仔,雌性,妊娠期127 d,初生幼仔179.3 g. 图1 表3 参19     

The rhythm of stereotypic behaviors in captive giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)北大核心CSCD

Stereotypy can be defined as a repetitive behavioral pattern with no apparent function or target in captivity. It is considered an abnormal behavior in contrast to the behavior in wild habitats and is often used as an important index to evaluate the captive environment, which has a significant scientific value. Many previous studies have focused on the impact of environment on stereotypical behavior; however, the rhythm of stereotypy remains unclear. To determine the mechanism of stereotypy, eight giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) were investigated 24 h a day from Jan 2018 to Dec 2019, with focal sampling and continuous recording. No stereotypy in the juveniles was noted, while the adult giant pandas displayed different stereotypies. Mean stereotypy durations were 0.72% of the total activity in circadian rhythm, with a peak of mean durations in all seasons occurring at 7:00 am–9:00 am, while, in spring, there was a peak of mean duration at 1:00 am–3:00 am. Although there was no significant difference, mean stereotypy durations and frequencies in the night were longer than those in the daytime. Mean stereotypy frequencies in spring reached the highest level, whereas mean stereotypy durations in winter were maximal. The adult giant pandas in the daytime showed maximal mean stereotypy durations in winter and minimal mean stereotypy durations in busy seasons (summer and autumn), whereas mean stereotypy durations at night were maximal in busy seasons. Despite no significant differences among these seasons, our results suggest that the stereotypy of giant pandas may have diurnal rhythms and seasonal differences. In light of the similar captive environment between adult and juvenile giant pandas, the appearance of stereotypy may be correlated with age, which may be the effects of the environment or a strategy of adaptation. © 2022 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Complex effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda population

The relationships between habitat amount and fragmentation level and functional connectivity and inbreeding remain unclear. Thus, we used genetic algorithms to optimize the transformation of habitat area and fragmentation variables into resistance surfaces to predict genetic structure and examined habitat area and fragmentation effects on inbreeding through a moving window and spatial autoregressive modeling approach. We applied these approaches to a wild giant panda population. The amount of habitat and its level of fragmentation had nonlinear effects on functional connectivity (gene flow) and inbreeding. Functional connectivity was highest when approximately 80% of the surrounding landscape was habitat. Although the relationship between habitat amount and inbreeding was also nonlinear, inbreeding increased as habitat increased until about 20% of the local landscape contained habitat, after which inbreeding decreased as habitat increased. Because habitat fragmentation also had nonlinear relationships with functional connectivity and inbreeding, we suggest these important responses cannot be effectively managed by minimizing or maximizing habitat or fragmentation. Our work offers insights for prioritization of protected areas.