苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物对栉孔扇贝毒理学指标的影响

检测了暴露于不同浓度多环芳烃中栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)消化盲囊和鳃丝的几项毒理学指标变化.苯并(a)芘和苯并(k)荧蒽混合物的浓度梯度设置为0.5、1.0、10.0、50.0μg·L-1.结果表明,低浓度PAHs对消化盲囊EROD活力无显著影响,对GST有一定的诱导作用,而高浓度PAHs对消化盲囊EROD有明显的诱导作用,对GST先诱导后抑制;在PAHs作用下消化盲囊和鳃丝的3种抗氧化酶(SOD、CAT和GPx)活力呈现一定的峰值变化,且在高浓度PAHs下均被显著抑制,同时鳃丝的酶活力较消化盲囊抑制显著;消化盲囊和鳃丝的LPO水平在PAHs处理下随时间不断上升,并表现出明显的剂量和时间效应.暴露于PAHs中栉孔扇贝的EROD、GST和抗氧化酶活力的变化反映了机体的解毒代谢过程和能力,而LPO水平则直接反映了机体的氧化损伤程度,而且各毒理学指标在解毒过程中相互关联,具有很强的规律性.     

Histopathology of cerebro neuronal cells in freshwater snail Bellamya bengalensis: impact on respiratory physiology,by acute poisoning of mercuric and zinc chloride

Mercuric (Hg) and zinc (Zn) chloride toxicity was investigated in cerebroneuronal cells and gills of Bellamya bengalensis using sublethal concentrations under lab conditions. Freshwater snail B. bengalensis was exposed to mean LC₅₀ concentration (1.56 ppm and 12.7 ppm) of Hg and Zn chloride, respectively. Bioaccumulation of Hg and Zn was observed in nervous and gill tissue in proportion to the time of exposure. Respiratory mechanisms and rate of oxygen consumption was depleted by both metals. Histopathological alterations in cerebro neuronal cells (giant, large, medium, and small) and gill filamental epithelia were apparent in Hg and Zn-exposed snails. Histopathology demonstrated increased cytoplasmic basophilia, extreme indentation of plasma membrane, karyolitic and eccentric nuclei, nuclear envelope with irregular size, and shrunken appearance of cerebroneuronal cells. Histologically, gill filamental epithelia showed hypertrophy, enlarged ciliated margins reduced length of cilia, nuclear dilations, thickening of basal lamina, and hemocytic accumulations in induced cells and severe loss of goblet mucus cells at the tip. Histopathology was accompanied by dysfunctioning cilia with decreased rate of respiration. Overall, neuronal impairment with damaged gill filament produced improper gaseous exchange leading to sluggish movement.     

Hematological and histopathological changes in silver catfish Rhamdia quelen (Siluriformes) exposed to clomazone herbicide in the Madre River,Santa Catarina State,Southern Brazil

This study evaluated the influence of the clomazone herbicide (2-[(2-chlorophenyl)methyl]-4,4-dimethyl-3-isoxazolidinone) contamination on the hematological parameters and histological changes in gills and liver of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) from Madre River, Santa Catarina State, Southern Brazil. Fish were collected between March 2010 and January 2012 at two different sites of the Madre River, one site receiving residual water (contaminated site) from rice culture (n = 49) and another that do not receive residual water (reference site) (n = 48). The herbicide clomazone analysis detected 3.40 ± 1.70 μg/L in the contaminated site and 1.1 ± 0.33 μg/L in the reference site. Fish from contaminated site showed increased (P < 0.05) number of monocytes suggesting the possible defense response as a result of chronic exposure to clomazone. On the other hand, no difference was found in the hematocrit percentage, red blood cell count, total thrombocyte number, white blood cell count, lymphocytes, and neutrophils number. Fish from both sites showed histopathological changes in gills and liver, possibly caused by chronic exposure to contamination. The influence of herbicide sub doses on fish health is also discussed.     

Effects of UV-B radiation on the gills of Catla catla during early development

Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) study of gills of Catla catla catla (17-day-old) exposed to UV-B radiation (145?µW?cm^?2 at the water surface) for three different exposure times: 5, 10 and 15?min was conducted. Fish without UV-B exposure served as control. UV-B radiation damaged both gill filaments and lamellae. The intensity of damage was minimal in 5?min exposed fish, followed by 10?min exposed fish and maximal in 15?min. The gill epithelium was severely damaged in 15?min irradiated fish compared to control. Pavement cells (PVCs) were damaged and the numbers of microridges within PVCs decreased. The deep boundary of PVC was not clear. In some area of gill epithelium, PVCs were destroyed and mitochondrion-rich cells (MRCs) were exposed. The 5?min exposure reduced the number of microridges in the PVCs, but the boundary of PVCs was still visible. MRCs in the gill epithelium were not exposed in 5?min exposed fish. The damage to PVCs and subsequent exposure of MRCs in UV-B irradiated fish may hamper respiratory functions and disturb osmoregulation in catla.     

Cd2+对长江华溪蟹谷胱甘肽系统的影响

摘要：本实验采用急性毒性方法,研究了镉（Cd2+）对长江华溪蟹（Sinopotamon yangtsekiense）肝胰腺和鳃谷胱甘肽系统的影响。Cd2+浓度设置为7.25、14.5、29、58和116 mg/L,同时设对照组。分别在24、48、72和96 h用分光光度法测定了还原型谷胱甘肽（GSH）和氧化型谷胱甘肽（GSSG）含量,谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx）、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶（GST）和谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活力以及GSH/GSSG比值。结果显示,随着Cd2+浓度的增加和处理时间的延长,肝胰腺中GSH含量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,在96 h、Cd2+浓度116 mg/L时GSH含量降至最低值[（28.805±2.239） mg/g];GPx活力先升后降;GSSG含量和GST与GR活力均无显著变化。鳃中GSH、GSSG含量和GPx活力的变化趋势与肝胰腺基本一致,GST和GR活力则随着Cd2+浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低,在96 h、Cd2+浓度116 mg/L时GST和GR活力较对照组分别下降了44%和79%。肝胰腺和鳃中GSH/GSSG比值随着Cd2+浓度的增大和处理时间的延长逐渐降低。结果表明,Cd2+对GSH和GSSG含量,GPx、GST、GR活力均产生了不同程度的影响;GSH/GSSG比值的变化能灵敏反映Cd2+对水生动物的胁迫程度及毒性大小,可作为一种准确敏感的生物学指标用以指示镉污染。     

锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃组织亚细胞中富集的影响

为了研究锌对镉在河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)鳃中富集的影响,本文选择不同浓度镉锌联合处理14 d和28 d后,采用亚细胞分离法将鳃组织分为热稳定蛋白(HSP)、富含金属颗粒(MRG)、生物活性部分(BAM)和细胞碎片部分(CD),其中,热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒(MRG)组成生物解毒部分(BDM),利用火焰原子吸收分光光度法(AAS)测定各个亚细胞组分中镉的含量.结果显示,BDM是镉富集的重要场所,镉在其中所占比例达到50%.其中,BDM包括热稳定蛋白(HSP)和富含金属颗粒组分(MRG).随着镉处理浓度的增加,锌对镉在HSP和MRG中的蓄积表现为先促后抑的作用.在BAM中,加锌促进镉的蓄积,且相较于高浓度锌(1000μg·L-1),低浓度锌(100μg·L-1)的促进作用更为显著.研究表明,锌对镉在河南华溪蟹鳃中的富集及分布有一定影响.