建筑抗浮设计水位取值方法——以北京市某工程为例

近年来,随着首都北京城市建设的高速发展,城市建设用地越来越少,地下空间的开发和利用成为发展的必然趋势。大量带有纯地下车库的高层建筑,以及地下管廊、下沉式广场的兴建,使抗浮问题非常突出。抗浮标准如何确定,抗浮水位如何取值,各类规范均没有明确规定,传统方法多依据经验确定抗浮水位取值,缺乏理论依据,不符合客观实际情况,使得抗浮设计存在安全隐患或增大了工程造价。笔者以北京市区某一工程为例,通过研究区域内浅层地下水的赋存与渗流特性,水位变化的历史过程和影响因素,通过渗流分析,从客观的角度提出建筑抗浮设计水位的取值方法,使得取值更具科学性和经济性。     

GPS在结构健康监测中的研究与应用进展

在土木工程领域,采用GPS对建(构)筑物进行健康监测是该学科发展的一个新的突破,因其具有高效、快速、全天候、全自动等优点,近年来基于这一技术的健康监测方法在特大型建筑物的变形监测中开始应用.首先阐述了结构健康监测的必要性和迫切性,简要回顾了传统的结构变形监测方法,然后探讨了GPS技术的发展历程,重点讨论了GPS中的RTK技术的原理、特点和当前国内外的应用情况,最后对基于RTK技术的健康监测方法在土木工程中的应用前景进行了展望.     

林火在空间上的波动性及其对全球变化的响应(Ⅰ)

研究表明,林火在时间方向具有一定的周期性,表现为一定频率的火周期。该文应用黑龙江省1980～1999年林火数据,分别计算出每年火灾发生的火点的质心经纬度坐标和火场面积质心的经纬度坐标,用波谱分析研究其质心随年份的波动现象。结果表明,1980-1999年的黑龙江省林火的火场质心分别是以东经126.97°,北纬49.63°为轴作东西、南北波动,波动具有明显的同期性,经度方向和纬度方向的周期均为3.3a,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经128.68°,北纬52.82°,东经123.08°,北纬46.86°。火点的质心分别以东经127.90°,北纬48.69°为轴作东西、南北方向的波动,波动不具有明显的周期性,其东西南北波动的最大最小值分别为东经129.22°,北纬50.37°,东经125.18°,北纬47.28°。     

地震波非线性反演的某些数学问题

以地震波广义散射(包括透射、折射、反射、绕射等)为背景,以求解其反演问题为主线,在回顾反演理论发展的同时,着重对地震波逆散射问题研究过程中各种数学、物理的基本理论和基本假设如何被应用以及非线性偏微分方程的求解过程及其作用做理论分析,同时对地震波逆散射问题中相应数学方法的发展过程及在使用中尚存在的问题做简单介绍。在文末,指出了现在地球物理界在地质结构异常较强烈所造成的非弱散射的反演问题上所遇到的问题。进而就今后如何处理这类问题的数学研究方法和假设中应注重的问题提出了一些想法和展望。     

FACTUAL INPUTS FOR ALLOCATION DECISIONS CONCERNING SCARCE WATER RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT: Factual inputs which may be useful for completing first-order assessments to aid decision-making on the allocation of scarce water resources are compiled. Water needs of major manufacturing industry groups and of minerals industries show wide variations in several measures of water use intensity. The chemicals and allied products and primary metals industries dominate the total water intake and consumptive water use by manufacturing industries. Consumptive use per employee for the petroleum and coal products industry group is nearly 2.5 times higher than that for any other industry group. Estimates of the water requirements per unit energy output for energy-processing systems vary by as much as an order of magnitude. Agricultural water use is larger than that of any other industry but water use for irrigation is not expected to increase significantly by the year 2020. In California, the production of crop calories and proteins per unit of irrigation water applied may vary by more than an order of magnitude. Crops which offer larger monetary returns per acre are irrigated most frequently.     

A SIMULATION OF SMOOTH-VARIABLE INTENSITY RAINFALL PATTERNS1

ABSTRACT: Continuous rainfall patterns are currently simulated by approximating them by stair-stepped (piece-wise) patterns. The effects of this approximation on infiltration and runoff processes are not well known. A new technique for simulating smooth-variable intensity rainfall patterns is presented. This technique is based on the fundamental principles of a moving water head in a container. The proposed technique is general and capable of simulating any rainfall pattern. However, as the rainfall pattern gets more complicated, the equipment required for simulation becomes more involved. The proposed technique has been tested experimentally. A close agreement was found between the theoretical and experimental simulations. It is concluded that the proposed technique might be very useful in studying the infiltration and runoff processes under variable intensity rainfall, especially for simple convex patterns.     

论天然气水合物与海底地质灾害、气象灾害和生物灾害的关系

论述了天然气水合物与海底滑坡、全球变暖和海底生物灭绝等地质、气象、生物灾害的关系。海底天然气水合物的分解能够减小沉积物的胶结强度,并导致沉积层孔隙压力的过剩,进而诱发海底滑坡的发生。天然气水合物与全球变暖关系密切。从天然气水合物释放出来的甲烷可使地球温度升高4℃至8℃,升温的结果一方面可能中和全球变冷的趋势,另一方面也可能加剧全球变暖的趋势。全球天然气水合物大规模的分解,导致了海底单细胞生物大量灭亡,对海底生物多样性的保持构成巨大危害。在天然气水合物开发利用的设计阶段和实施阶段,必须有足够的防范意识和技术措施,防止或尽可能减少天然气水合物开发利用造成的各种环境灾害。     

How Science Contributes to Environmental Reporting in British Newspapers: A Case Study of the Reporting of Global Warming and Climate Change

This article examines the role of science in environmental reporting in a number of British newspapers. The findings indicated that in reporting about global warming and climate change, the views of scientists were used to give legitimacy to the content of articles. However, in both the tabloids and broadsheets, there was little evidence provided, in the form of data, to substantiate the claims being made. Furthermore, uncertainties about global warming were not explored effectively. Newspaper reports tended to focus on the potential consequences of global warming, but made little attempt to address the suspected causes that would inevitably involve criticism of highly consumptive lifestyles in the west.     

建立可持续发展的大协调社会机制

本文运用大协调学的基本观点，提出了建立可持续发展社会机制的主张，并具体阐述了大协调经济机制、法律机制和伦理舆论机制。     

Demographic Processes Underlying Population Growth and Decline in Salamandra salamandra

Abstract:  Human activity commonly has negative impacts on wildlife. Often, however, only a single element of the life cycle is affected, and it is unclear whether such effects translate into effects on population growth. This is particularly true for research into the causes of global amphibian declines, where experimental research focuses primarily on the aquatic larval stages but theory suggests these stages have only minor importance for population growth. We used data from long-term mark-recapture studies of two natural populations of the salamander Salamandra salamandra to confirm the predictions of population models. One population remained stable (i.e., stationary) throughout the 20 years of the study whereas the other declined to local extinction. We used mark-recapture models to break down population growth rate into its two main components, recruitment and adult survival. Survival of postmetamorphic salamanders was constant over time in the stable population, whereas the declining population was characterized by a decrease in survival and constant recruitment. Population growth was most sensitive to variation in adult survival. Current amphibian research focuses on preadult stages, and researchers assume recruitment is the most important determinant of population growth. This may not be the case. A better understanding of amphibian population dynamics is possible only through the integration of experiments, theory, and data from natural populations. Our results also suggest that amphibian conservation efforts should focus on all stages of the life cycle and their associated habitats.