基于GSM的可移动危险源处警系统的研究

提出基于GSM的可移动危险源处警系统总体方案,在技术实施中考虑现有的可行性通讯资源和低成本实现,采用GSM网络短信息通信,利用带有移动通讯装置和PC机的主站设备来实现。利用GSMAT指令控制收发短信息,并应用数据库对短信息进行管理。对可移动危险源体系、预警方法以及相关关键技术进行较为深入的分析和研究,并在VB环境下编程实现可移动危险源处警系统的基本功能以及通信控件的查询工作方式和事件驱动方式的过程。该研究成果对可移动危险源跟踪、定位、监控,降低可移动危险源的爆炸、泄漏,避免造成重大事故具有一定的实用价值。     

Linkages between biodiversity conservation and global climate change in small island developing States (SIDS)

Global climate change is an important cause of biodiversity loss. The conservation, sustainable management and use of biodiversity resources are key factors that can be effectively used to minimize the adverse impacts of global climate change. Efforts to understand and address the linkages between global climate change and biodiversity loss are both urgent and timely. Integrating responses related to these two global environmental challenges is especially relevant for small island developing States (SIDS) because the adverse impacts of climate change can impose severe stresses on biodiversity resources that are fragile, vulnerable and already under stress and the people who depend upon them. This paper argues that comprehensive assessments of adverse impacts of global climate change on the biodiversity resources of SIDS, and an improved understanding of relevant climate change related adaptation measures and sustainable energy policies (that are based on the principles of conservation, sustainable management and use of biodiversity resources) will enable SIDS to become more resilient and to develop better response capacities.     

Methane emission from rice paddy soils, aerotolerance of methanogens and global thermal warming

In vitro methane emissions from different rice paddy soils and algal mats were studied under anoxic and atmospheric conditions. Methane production from rice paddy soils cultivating different strains of rice was found to be appreciable under anoxic conditions, but considerably reduced under atmospheric conditions, and dependent on rice cultivars (strains). A contradictory result was obtained with a Gobindabhog cultivated rice field (a strain of rice with aroma), where methane yield under anoxic was greater than that under atmospheric conditions. The results indicated aerotolerance of methanogens or the possible existence of microaerophilic methanogens. The results from algal mats corroborated these findings.Methane has been considered to be an important greenhouse gas contributing significantly to global thermal warming (GTW). Flooded rice paddy fields have been considered to be a most prominent source of abiogenic methane emission, though considerable uncertainty exists regarding the true estimates of methane emission. Factors affecting methane emission and its abatement have been examined. In spite of increasing methane emission, rice cultivation leads to enormous utilization of the green house gas carbon dioxide and release of oxygen to the atmosphere. Thus, the contribution of methane to GTW (from rice paddy cultivation) is more than compensated by carbon dioxide absorption.Appropriate steps have been suggested for the reduction of methane emissions, the most important of which is the restoration of methane sinks.     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作农田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜与常规(不覆膜)两种处理下稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放特征及影响因素进行了为期一年的原位观测.结果表明,两种处理下,CH_4和N_2O的排放均主要集中在各作物的生长前期,水稻季CH_4和油菜季N_2O的排放通量均具有较明显的季节变化;全年CH_4的排放通量介于-0.45~1.90 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),N_2O的排放通量介于-46.1~2 040.7μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).地膜覆盖提高了CH_4和N_2O排放总量,其中覆膜处理全年CH_4排放总量为(27.22±4.48)kg·hm~(-2),相比常规处理(19.93±0.56)kg·hm~(-2)提高了26.22%;覆膜处理N_2O的年排放总量为(13.14±0.82)kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理下(11.27±2.77)kg·hm~(-2)增加了16.6%.覆膜显著提高了油菜季土壤含水率,而对全年各作物季土壤温度(地下5 cm温度和地表温度)没有明显的影响.覆膜处理下油菜季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤含水率呈负相关,幼苗期达显著负相关;两种处理下,各作物季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤温度的相关性均很小.研究表明,地膜覆盖影响作物各生育期内CH_4和N_2O的排放规律,改变了作物各生育期内2种气体排放占全季排放量的比例,促进了稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放.在100 a时间尺度上,覆膜处理下全年排放的CH_4和N_2O所引起的综合GWP(CO_2量)为4 213.00 kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理3 454.17 kg·hm~(-2)提高了22.0%,表明覆膜不是一种有效的碳减排措施.     

不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物活性及群落结构特性分析: 基于PLFA和MicroRespTM方法

研究不同耕地利用方式对土壤微生物群落结构的影响,对维持土壤稳定和提高土壤质量具有重要意义.以湖南省桃源县长期定位试验为平台,采用磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)和MicroRespTM方法,研究了稻田、水旱轮作地和旱地这3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物数量、群落结构特征及活性.PLFA结果表明,细菌、真菌及总PLFA量均表现为稻田>水旱轮作地>旱地,细菌PLFA/真菌PLFA比值则表现为水旱轮作>旱地>稻田.革氏阳性菌(G+)PLFA/革氏阴性菌(G-)PLFA为稻田显著高于水旱轮作地和旱地,但水旱轮作与旱地土壤的差异不显著.PLFA主成分分析和特征磷脂脂肪酸的平均摩尔分数表明,稻田中真菌及G-的相对含量显著高于水旱轮作地和旱地,而水旱轮作地中G+的相对含量高于旱地和稻田,3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物群落结构特征具有明显差异.土壤PLFA与土壤养分相关性分析表明,土壤微生物量与土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)均达到极显著正相关.与阳离子交换量(CEC)无显著相关性.MicroRespTM结果表明,3种不同耕地利用方式下土壤微生物对碳源平均利用效率为稻田最高,其次是水旱轮作地,旱地最低.其结果也显示大部分碳源提高了微生物呼吸作用,但不同碳源的利用效率不相同.因此,耕地利用方式的不同明显导致了土壤微生物活性和群落结构的差异.     

降雨径流连续模拟参数全局灵敏性分析

长期连续模拟是客观评价城市排水系统性能、雨洪控制措施效果的重要方法之一.运用普适似然度法(Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimation,简称GLUE),综合分析了暴雨管理模型(Storm Water Management Model,简称SWMM)在不同间隔降雨情景下的水量...     

Elevated atmospheric CO2 and drought effects on leaf gas exchange properties of barley

Atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C_a) is rising, predicted to cause global warming, and alter precipitation patterns. During 1994, spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) was grown in a strip-split-plot experimental design to determine the effects that the main plot C_a treatments [A: Ambient at 370 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹; E: Enriched with free-air CO₂ enrichment (FACE) at ∼550 μmol (CO₂) mol⁻¹] had on several gas exchange properties of fully expanded sunlit primary leaves. The interacting strip-split-plot irrigation treatments were Dry or Wet [50% (D) or 100% (W) replacement of potential evapotranspiration] at ample nitrogen (261 kg N ha⁻¹) and phosphorous (29 kg P ha⁻¹) fertility. Elevated C_a facilitated drought avoidance by reducing stomatal conductance (g_s) by 34% that conserved water and enabled stomata to remain open for a longer period into a drought. This resulted in a 28% reduction in drought-induced midafternoon depression in net assimilation rate (A). Elevated C_a increased A by 37% under Dry and 23% under Wet. Any reduction in A under Wet conditions occurred because of nonstomatal limitations, whereas under Dry it occurred because of stomatal limitations. Elevated C_a increased the diurnal integral of A (A′) that resulted in an increase in the seasonal-long integral of A′ (A″) for barley leaves by 12% (P = 0.14) under both Dry and Wet - 650, 730, 905 and 1020 ± 65 g (C) m⁻² y⁻¹ for AD, ED, AW and EW treatments, respectively. Elevated C_a increased season-long average dry weight (DW_S; crown, shoots) by 14% (P = 0.02), whereas deficit irrigation reduced DW_S by 7% (P = 0.06), although these values may have been affected by a short but severe pea aphid [Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris)] infestation. Hence, an elevated-C_a-based improvement in gas exchange properties enhanced growth of a barley crop.     

铜冶炼场地周边土壤重金属污染特征与风险评价

铜冶炼生产活动会造成周边土壤重金属污染,威胁公众健康.通过收集整理已发表文献数据,从整体上研究了国内外40个铜冶炼场地周边不同土地利用类型土壤重金属的累积特征、分布规律以及健康风险.结果表明,铜冶炼场地周边土壤重金属ω(As)、ω(Cd)、ω(Cu)、ω(Pb)和ω(Zn)平均值分别为196、10.5、1 948、604和853 mg·kg^-1,地累积指数(I_geo)依次为：Cd(5.63)>Cu(3.88)>As(2.96)>Pb(2.30)>Zn(1.27),Cd和Cu累积最严重.土壤重金属内梅罗指数(NIPI)高值主要出现在冶炼历史长、工艺落后和环保措施不足的场地.土壤重金属含量之间呈现显著相关性,随着采样半径增加而降低,主要累积在冶炼场地周边2～3 km内.相对于冶炼历史、规模和工艺,土地利用类型对土壤重金属含量影响较小.铜冶炼场地周边土壤重金属普遍存在致癌风险与非致癌风险,其中冶炼生产区As和Pb,林地Pb的健康风险较高.研究结果可以指导冶炼场地周边土壤重金属污染风险防控工作.     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

基于MODIS影像内蒙古草地火排放污染物动态研究

运用自主设计生物质燃烧系统,测定草本燃烧排放因子,基于MODIS火点数据,运用排放因子法对内蒙古区域2000~2017年草本燃烧排放污染物时空格局进行分析.结果表明,狼尾草、芦苇、拂子茅和狗尾草CO₂、CO、NO_x、C_xH_y、PM_2.5、TC、OC和EC排放因子范围为1402.6~1550.1,140.3~253.8,0.67~1.55,21.5~93.7,3.74~6.89,1.66~3.06,1.42~2.71和0.23~0.44g/kg;区域生物质密度时空分布不均匀,地上生物质密度总体呈东北向西南递减趋势.草地总燃烧生物量为8061.46kt,排放各污染物CO₂、CO、NO_x、C_xH_y、PM_2.5、TC、OC和EC总量分别为：11296.13,1609.79,10.80,408.96,44.50,20.06,17.23,2.83kt;共发生49374次草地火,火面积和火点密度从东北向西南逐渐递减,月变化呈双峰分布,主峰火点（3月）显著高于次峰（9月）.