DNA fragmentation,apoptosis and cell cycle arrest induced by sodium arsenite in cultured murine Sertoli cells: prevention by curcumin

Arsenic is a significant environmental concern worldwide, primarily due to geo physiochemical contamination of drinking water, and a major public health hazard in both developing and developed countries. The present study was aimed to investigate ameliorative effects of curcumin (Cur) against sodium arsenite (SA)-induced toxicity in cultured murine Sertoli cells. The cells were treated with SA (5 μM) and Cur (5 μg/ml and 10 μg/ml) alone or in combination for 12 hr. The SA treatment decreased cell viability, produced oxidative stress, and induced apoptosis as reflected by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, DNA fragmentation, and apoptotic cells. Moreover, the SA-induced cell cycle arrest in the cells is characterized by a rise in the number of cells in the sub G1 phase of the cell cycle. The Cur was found to be effective in reversing all these arsenic (As)-induced cellular events. Data suggest that Cur modulates As-mediated oxidative stress, apoptosis, DNA fragmentation, and cell cycle arrest through suppression of excessive ROS generation. Evidence indicates that Cur may emerge as a useful protective agent against As-induced Sertoli cells toxicity by inhibiting As-induced damage in testes.     

猪粪与秸秆协同发酵产热及溶解性有机质的转化特征

采用量热计法和三维荧光光谱,分别对猪粪发酵产热不同阶段温度、热值以及溶解性有机质(DOM)的转化特征进行了研究. 结果表明:在不同C/N(猪糞与芦苇秸秆物料配比)的4组发酵产热试验中,纯猪粪发酵产热温度高于室温时间达到60d,累积热量损失最多达8.862kJ/g,是增温技术最为理想的配比;随着发酵产热的进行,纯猪粪发酵产热样品中类蛋白化合物荧光比值(P_1,n+P_2,n,0.625~0.546)逐渐减少,类富里酸物质荧光比值(P_3,n,0.140~0.173)与类胡敏酸物质荧光比值(P_5,n,0.051~0.097)逐渐增多,腐殖化程度逐渐加强,但是与其他各组相比其腐殖酸类物质增加最少,腐殖化程度最低;不同C/N物料产热过程中,尽管不同区域的荧光强度与热值的相关性不同,但不同C/N物料释放的热量均来源于微生物对简单有机化合物的分解.      

Is there really a green paradox?

In the absence of a CO₂ tax, the anticipation of a cheaper renewable backstop increases current emissions of CO₂. Since the date at which renewables are phased in is brought forward and more generally future emissions of CO₂ will decrease, the effect on global warming is unclear. Green welfare falls if the backstop is relatively expensive and full exhaustion of fossil fuels is optimal, but may increase if the backstop is sufficiently cheap relative to the cost of extracting the last drop of fossil fuels plus marginal global warming damages as then it is attractive to leave more fossil fuels unexploited and thus limit CO₂ emissions. We establish these results by analyzing depletion of non-renewable fossil fuels followed by a switch to a clean renewable backstop, paying attention to timing of the switch and the amount of fossil fuels remaining unexploited. We also discuss the potential for limit pricing when the non-renewable resource is owned by a monopolist. Finally, we show that if backstops are already used and more backstops become economically viable as the price of fossil fuels rises, a lower cost of the backstop will either postpone fossil fuel exhaustion or leave more fossil fuel in situ, thus boosting green welfare. However, if a market economy does not internalize global warming externalities and renewables have not kicked in yet, full exhaustion of fossil fuel will occur in finite time and a backstop subsidy always curbs green welfare.     

西安市兴庆宫公园土壤中重金属含量研究及污染评价

通过对西安市兴庆宫公园表层土壤的取样调查,分析了Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb等5种重金属的含量及形态分布特征,并对其综合污染状况及潜在生态风险进行分析与评价。结果显示,兴庆宫公园的表层土壤呈碱性,并含有较多有机质;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb平均含量分别为29．89mg／kg、55．28mg／kg、0．169mg／kg、66．71mg／kg和43．59ms／kg;土壤中Cu、Zn、Cd、Cr及Pb化学形态均以残渣态为主;整个公园土壤内梅罗污染指数为2．29,土壤重金属综合污染已经达到中度污染;整个公园潜在生态风险指数平均值为73．89,生态风险等级为轻微。     

Global cooperation among diverse organizations to reduce illegal fishing in the Southern Ocean

Illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing is prevalent globally and has detrimental effects on commercial fish stocks and nontarget species. Effective monitoring and enforcement aimed at reducing the level of IUU fishing in extensive, remote ocean fisheries requires international collaboration. Changes in trade and vessel activities further complicate enforcement. We used a web-based survey of governmental and nongovernmental organizations engaged in reducing IUU fishing in the Southern Ocean to collect information on interorganizational collaborations. We used social-network analyses to examine the nature of collaborations among the identified 117 organizations engaged in reducing IUU fishing. International collaboration improved the ability to control and manage harvest of commercially important toothfish (Dissostichus spp.) stocks and reduced bycatch of albatrosses (Diomedeidae) and petrels (Procellariidae) in longlines of IUU fishing vessels. The diverse group of surveyed organizations cooperated frequently, thereby making a wide range of resources available for improved detection of suspected IUU vessels and trade flows, cooperation aimed at prosecuting suspected offenders or developing new policy measures. Our results suggest the importance of a central agency for coordination and for maintaining commonly agreed-upon protocols for communication that facilities collaboration. Despite their differences, the surveyed organizations have developed common perceptions about key problems associated with IUU fishing. This has likely contributed to a sustained willingness to invest in collaborations. Our results show that successful international environmental governance can be accomplished through interorganizational collaborations. Such cooperation requires trust, continuous funding, and incentives for actors to participate.     

基于事故发展与控制的隐患分级方法

为使隐患管理工作更加科学,对隐患与事故的关系进行研讨,提出隐患的根本属性是能够促使事故发生或发展。通过预估促使和控制(阻碍)事故发展的因素,来揭示隐患在事故过程中的作用机制。根据发生作用的时间将隐患分为第1类隐患和第2类隐患。在风险评估过程中,解决了具体隐患风险分级的问题,提出隐患暴露频率、其他条件的可能性、隐患纠正系数、事故后果初始分值、人员防护修正系数、人员暴露修正系数、应急处理与事故控制修正系数和财产损失修正系数等评价指标。通过隐患致因事故风险的计算,评估隐患的最终风险。     

淮安市砂土地震液化势的综合评估

建立了BP神经网络模型LM算法的砂土地震液化判别方法,采用LVQ模式分类网络对数据进行分类,选取唐山地震时76个场地、320组现场液化勘察资料为研究对象,训练和检验网络模型的数据各160组,结果表明,该方法的砂土液化预测准确度为96.8%。根据淮安市典型场地土的钻孔资料,采用《建筑抗震设计规范法》液化判别法(规范法)、美国国家地震研究中心建议的液化判别简化方法(NCEER法)和谢君斐-陈国兴液化判别方法(谢-陈法)等3种液化判别方法及本文提出的BP神经网络模型液化判别方法对22个钻孔、120标贯点进行了液化判别,结果表明:14种地震液化判别方法的计算结果基本一致;2NCEER法比谢-陈法的计算结果要保守;3谢-陈法与规范法的计算结果很吻合,预测正确率相差不大;4规范法相对BP神经网络模型法的计算结果要保守;5BP神经网络模型法比其他3种方法的预测结果更符合实际的液化规律。最后,综合4种方法的液化判别结果给出了该地区地震液化势的评估结果,并给出了部分典型地质剖面土层地震液化势分布图。     

势能增氧生物处理工艺的应用研究

介绍势能增氧生态床的增氧机理及工程实例。生态床为多层浅床结构,每层装设填料,采用虹吸管进出水,利用水流势能进行大气复氧,水中DO逐层增加,出水DO达到最高。结构紧凑,投资省,高效节能,可用于小区中水回用处理,经济效益优于传统工艺。     

Thermochemical stability: A comparison between experimental and predicted data

The first step to be performed during the development of a new industrial process should be the assessment of all hazards associated to the involved compounds. Particularly, the knowledge of all substances thermochemical parameters is a primary feature for such a hazard evaluation. CHETAH (CHEmical Thermodynamic And Hazard evaluation) is a prediction software suitable for calculating potential hazards of chemicals, mixtures or a single reaction that, using only the structure of the involved molecules and Benson's group contribution method, is able to calculate heats of formation, entropies, Gibbs free energies and reaction enthalpies. Because of its ability to predict the potential hazards of a material or mixture, CHETAH is part of the so-called “desktop methods” for early stage chemical safety analysis.In this work, CHETAH software has been used to compile a complete risk database reporting heats of decomposition and Energy Release Potential (ERP) for 342 common use chemicals. These compounds have been gathered into classes depending on their functional groups and similarities in their thermal behavior. Calculated decomposition enthalpies for each of the compounds have also been compared with experimental data obtained with either thermoanalytic or calorimetric techniques (Differential Scanning Calorimeter – DSC – and Accelerating Rate Calorimeter – ARC).     

长江沿线城市水源氯(胺)化消毒副产物生成潜能研究

以长江上游重庆、中游武汉、下游上海等大城市的长江饮用水源为研究对象,在对溶解性有机物分子量和亲疏水性分离的基础上,分别采用氯和氯胺两种方式消毒,对比分析了相同时期沿江这些城市原水中氯(胺)化常规和新兴含氮消毒副产物生成潜能的分子组成规律.研究表明,重庆、武汉、上海三地的溶解性有机物均以小分子前体物为主,主要分布在<1kDa的区间内,且以强疏水性成分和亲水性成分为主,原水经氯(胺)化可产生三卤甲烷、卤乙酸、卤乙腈、三氯硝基甲烷等类型的消毒副产物;三地的氯(胺)化主要的含碳消毒副产物(C-DBPs)和含氮消毒副产物(N-DBPs)生成潜能均在<1kDa的区间内最大,从上游到下游,在<1kDa的区间内的生成潜能占各自总潜能比例逐渐增加.三地的氯(胺)化的C-DBPs和N-DBPs生成潜能均以强疏水性组分或亲水性组分为主,且氯胺化可导致亲水性组分C-DBPs和N-DBPs生成潜能所占总量比例增加.