基于盲数的水体沉积物潜在生态风险评价方法

基于生态风险评价系统中多种不确定性共存或交叉存在的特性,将盲数理论应用于水体沉积物潜在生态风险的评价研究。在将Hakanson潜在生态风险指数模型参数定义为盲参数的基础上,建立了沉积物潜在生态风险评价的盲数模型,并提出了污染程度和潜在生态风险等级识别盲数可靠性计算模型。根据上述盲数模型,不仅可以得到沉积物污染程度和潜在生态风险的可能取值区间,也可以得到各区间相应的可信度水平,进而定量计算待评价对象隶属于各评价等级的主观可能性大小。作为案例,将上述模型应用于巢湖十五里河河口沉积物中重金属潜在生态风险评价的研究。在得到沉积物中单个重金属污染物(Hg,Cd,Pb,Cu,Cr)隶属于污染程度各等级和潜在生态风险各等级可信度水平的基础上,得出十五里河河口处于较高生态风险水平的结论,相应的可信度为0.626。实例研究表明,以盲数理论评价沉积物的潜在生态风险,理论上可行,评价结论可信。     

西安市区表层土壤重金属风险评价

在对西安市二环内表层土壤样品重金属含量测定的基础上,评价了城市土壤中Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Zn、Ni、Pb、V的潜在生态风险及健康风险。研究结果表明,西安二环内8种重金属元素的潜在生态风险为中度,不同采样点土壤重金属潜在生态风险不同,78个表层土壤采样点中,25个采样点为轻微潜在生态风险,49个采样点为中等潜在生态风险,3个采样点为较高潜在生态风险,1个采样点为高潜在生态风险。Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn、V对于成人和儿童的非致癌性风险值均小于1,表明未对人体健康造成危害;Co、Cr、Ni的致癌性风险值也在安全范围之内,未对人体健康造成威胁。     

全球气候变化背景下台湾海峡浮游植物的长期变化

为了解气候–海洋环境变异的生态影响,阐述并比较了1984~1985年和2006~2008年台湾海峡浮游植物分布的时空变化特征.结果表明:浮游植物物种多样性指数和均匀度分别由3.29和0.62降至2.90和0.55;平均细胞密度增加3.7倍,由372.0×104 cells/m3增加到173 8.8×104 cells/m3;种类组成里暖水种比例提高了7.3%,由45.9%上升到53.2%;浮游植物主要优势种组成趋于简单和小型化,如小型硅藻柔弱拟菱形藻(Pseudonitzschia delicatissima)和细弱海链藻(Thalassiosira subtilis),其平均丰度和优势度显著提高.浮游植物群落的这些年代际分布变异可看作全球气候长期变暖背景下对台湾海峡环境变化的生态学响应迹象.图3表6参34     

沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷及重金属污染与潜在生态风险评价

为查明沙颍河沈丘段底泥、土壤中砷(As)和重金属污染状况及其潜在生态风险,对底泥和土壤样品中的砷(As)、铬(Cr)、汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)和铅(Pb)的含量水平进行测定,并进行潜在生态风险指数计算。结果表明,沙颍河沈丘段底泥中As含量为9.206～11.641mg·kg-1,距河5km的白果村农田土壤中As含量为8.52～80.31mg·kg-1,超标率达到57.8%,Cr、Hg、Cd和Pb的超标率分别达到32.8%、59.4%、67.2%和39.1%。沙颍河沈丘段底泥和附近村庄农田土壤中As和4种重金属的总潜在生态风险为中等生态风险,主要来源于Hg和As。     

水稻土甲烷氧化菌对镉胁迫的响应

重金属污染影响土壤微生物群落结构与活性,间接影响土壤碳（如CO2、CH4）的生物地球化学循环和全球气候变化。甲烷氧化菌氧化消耗CH4,降低大气中CH4含量,在缓解由温室气体导致的全球温暖化方面起着重要作用。本研究通过短期土壤培养实验,比较研究了不同强度重金属镉（Cd）胁迫下,水稻土中甲烷氧化菌的多度、群落组成及其氧化CH4潜势的差异。结果表明,添加Cd含量越大,水稻土氧化CH4潜势越弱,甲烷氧化菌pmoA基因拷贝数显著减少;甲烷氧化菌多度与水稻土氧化CH4潜势之间存在显著正相关关系（P〈0.001）。群落组成分析发现,在相对低含量Cd（1 mg.kg-1）条件下,有新的甲烷氧化菌菌属出现,而添加较高含量Cd（10 mg.kg-1）时甲烷氧化菌种类减少。总之,Cd胁迫降低水稻土中甲烷氧化菌多样性及其氧化CH4潜势,可能导致原位CH4消耗减少,从而增加稻田CH4排放。     

全氟辛烷磺酸对斑马鱼肝脏影响机制的代谢组学研究

为探究全氟辛烷磺酸(PFOS)对水生动物肝脏的慢性毒性毒害机制,寻找其肝脏慢性毒性相关的潜在标志物,运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪代谢组学方法研究暴露于PFOS中斑马鱼肝脏内源性代谢物的变化,寻找显著性差异代谢物及相关通路。实验分为4组:对照组及PFOS浓度分别为10、100、250μg·L~(-1)的实验组,每组20尾斑马鱼,实验时长40 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,PFOS浓度为10μg·L~(-1)的斑马鱼肝脏中筛选出4种发生显著性变化的代谢物,分别为牛磺酸、磷酸乙酰胺、β-D-葡萄糖、油酸,涉及4条代谢通路,即牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、鞘脂代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、糖酵解或葡萄糖生成。100μg·L~(-1)浓度组的斑马鱼肝脏中筛选出5种,包括牛磺酸、β-D-葡萄糖、棕榈酸、油酸、胆固醇,涉及5条代谢通路,即原代胆汁酸生物合成、牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、类固醇生物合成、类固醇激素生物合成、糖酵解或葡萄糖生成。250μg·L~(-1)浓度组的斑马鱼肝脏中筛选出5种,即牛磺酸、β-D-葡萄糖、乳酸、甘油-3-磷酸、磷酸乙酰胺,涉及5条代谢通路:牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、甘油磷脂代谢、甘油脂代谢、鞘脂代谢、糖酵解或葡萄糖生成。根据筛选出的差异代谢物生理功能和其涉及代谢通路分析,推测PFOS主要通过影响牛磺酸和亚牛磺酸代谢、糖酵解或葡萄糖生成及一些脂类代谢从而对斑马鱼肝脏产生毒性效应,其中牛磺酸、葡萄糖与油酸这3种代谢物可作为斑马鱼受PFOS胁迫肝脏代谢异常的潜在标记物。     

二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响

从入侵植物和入侵植物群落两个方面,综述了大气二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响。二氧化碳浓度升高,可以增加C3植物的入侵性,提高入侵植物的生物量、资源利用率以及繁殖能力,直接影响植物入侵;还可以通过改变土壤水分、氮循环、干扰体系等其它环境因子间接地影响植物入侵。此外,二氧化碳浓度升高,对入侵群落的初级生产量、组成与结构以及群落动态产生重要影响,改变群落的可入侵性。今后应当着重从群落水平,结合其它全球变化因子的共同作用研究二氧化碳浓度升高对植物入侵的影响,同时深入探讨其作用机制以及不同植物类群对二氧化碳的响应,为入侵种的预防和控制提供理论指导。     

不同施肥处理对红壤晚稻田CH_4排放的影响

选取不同施肥处理的双季稻田为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法对晚稻田CH4排放通量进行观测。结果表明,与不施肥对照(T1)相比,各施肥处理CH4排放通量均有不同程度增加。其中秸秆还田+化肥处理(T5)CH4平均排放通量为9.96mg.m-2.h-1,比增氮磷施肥处理(T4)和对照分别增加26.1%和120.0%;平衡施肥处理(T2)和减氮磷施肥处理(T3)CH4平均排放通量比对照增加20%左右。说明施化肥可能提高水稻植株运输能力,进而增加CH4排放,但并未发现施化肥处理(T1、T2、T3和T4)之间CH4排放存在显著差异。同时对相关环境因素的分析表明,各处理CH4排放通量与土壤5cm深处温度间存在指数函数关系,并与田间水层厚度呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。综合考虑温室效应和稻谷产量,认为T2为推荐施肥方式,即N、P2O5和K2O施用量分别为180、90和135kg.hm-2,在插秧前1d施入占总N量70%的碳铵和全部磷肥、钾肥(过磷酸钙和氯化钾)作为基肥,并在分蘖期(2008年7月19日)追施占总N量30%的尿素。     

pH对活性污泥表面特性和形态结构的影响

采用4个平行的序批式反应器,研究了不同pH下活性污泥絮体表面特性和形态结构的变化.结果表明:酸性条件下(pH=4.0,5.5)污泥产生的胞外聚合物总量较多,其中多糖和蛋白质的含量远大于中性(pH=7.0)和偏碱性条件(pH=9.0).污泥表面Zeta电位随pH的升岛而降低;pH对污泥相对疏水性的影响规律并不明显,EPS组成比例较EPS总量本身更易影响污泥表面相对疏水性;此外,在酸性条件下,丝状菌大量生长,导致污泥絮体的平均粒径增大,并且呈现双峰粒径分布,絮体分形维数较低,结构松散;在中性条件下,无明显丝状菌牛长,絮体平均粒径减小,分形维数较高,结构致密;偏碱性条件下,虽然没有出现大量丝状菌,但絮体平均粒径较中性条件略有增大,分形维数相应减小.     

The identification of readily bioavailable pollutants in lake shkodra/skadar using semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs), bioassays and chemical analysis

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Lake Shkodra/Skadar is the largest lake in the Balkans region and located on the border between Albania to the south and Montenegro to the north. Because of the wide range of endemic, rare or endangered plant and animal species it supports, Lake Shkodra/Skadar and its extensive associated wetlands are internationally recognised as a site of significance and importance (Ramsar site). In recent years, social and economic changes in both Albania and Montenegro have lead to unprecedented levels of urban and industrial effluent entering the lake. Of particular concern is the increasing input of toxic hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) into the lake and the degree to which these compounds are available for uptake by aquatic biota. Semipermeable membrane devices (SPMDs) have been shown to sample the readily bioavailable fraction (dissolved phase) of waterborne HOPs and in doing so provide relevant data for exposure assessment. The aim of the current study was to use SPMD-based sampling in conjunction with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis to identify readily bioavailable HOPs in the lake. METHODS: SPMDs were constructed and deployed at three sites in the Albanian sector and three sites in the Montenegrin sector of Lake Skadar/Shkodra for 21 days. Following the dialytic recovery of target analytes and size exclusion chromatographic clean-up, aliquots of SPMD samples were subjected to GC-MS scan analysis for major components, GC-MS SIM analysis for 16 priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PP-PAHs) and assayed for EROD-inducing, estrogenic and mutagenic potential using rainbow trout liver cells (RTL-W1), the yeast estrogen screen (YES) and the Ames Test, respectively. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: A total of 39 compounds were tentatively identified in SPMD samples from the six sampling sites. Alkylated PAHs were the most abundant and ubiquitous compounds present along with various sterols and sterol derivatives. Numerous other compounds remain unidentified. 15 of the 16 targeted PP-PAHs were present in samples from one or more of the sampling sites indicating these compounds are both readily bioavailable and widely distributed in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Total PP-PAH concentrations ranged between 3991 ng/SPMD and 10695 ng/SPMD. Bioassays carried out on SPMD samples revealed significant EROD-inducing and estrogenic potential at five of the six sampling sites indicating toxicologically relevant compounds are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota. EROD-inducing potential was positively correlated with targeted PP-PAH concentration (r2 = 0.74). However, comparison of bioassay- and analytically-derived toxicity equivalents revealed targeted PP-PAHs were responsible for less than 0.06% of the total EROD-inducing potential. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK: The combination of SPMD-based sampling with appropriate bioassays and chemical analysis provided an effective tool for the identification of environmentally relevant waterborne pollutants in Lake Shkodra/Skadar. Our results show that toxicologically relevant HOPs including EROD-inducing and potentially estrogenic compounds are widely distributed in the lake and readily available for uptake by aquatic biota. Our results also suggest that alkylated PAHs rather than parent compounds may be of greater toxicological relevance in the lake. As anthropogenic influences continue to increase, SPMD-based sampling is expected to play a central role in future research concerned with the identification, monitoring and assessment of the risk posed by HOPs to Lake Shkodra/Skadar's aquatic biota.