多重分形与地球化学元素的分布规律

为进一步探讨用分形与多重分形的方法研究地球化学场中元素的分布规律的重要意义,运用Q Q图和直方图探讨了元素的空间分布规律,随后运用多重分形矩方法研究了安徽省长江以南以北各约22000km2和18100km2区域内5489个和4524个水系沉积物样品中14种元素的分形分布规律。结果表明,金属地球化学场元素在空间上的分布并不是简单的正态或对数正态分布,而四连续多重分形分布,其α f(α)曲线上凸且连续,拥有主要大型矿床的安徽江南地区α f(α)曲线的开口明显大于成矿相对较弱的安徽江北地区。元素的多重分形谱函数的形态特征对区域成矿潜力研究将具有一定的指示意义。     

淹水土壤中Se(Ⅵ)还原反应的机理及条件

通过红黄泥和紫潮泥两种土壤淹水培养和硒的价态测定结果表明：在450mV培养下，外加Se（Ⅵ）第1天有57．2％仍保持Se（Ⅵ)，23.4％还原为有机Se，培养过程中Se(Ⅵ）呈稳定态，有机Se则氧化成Se(Ⅵ），反应为准一级动力学方程；在175mV培养下，外加Se(Ⅵ）第1天有81．8％还原为有机Se,8.9％还原为有机Se,8.9％为Se(Ⅵ），培养过程中有机Se呈稳定态，Se(Ⅵ）则还原为Se(Ⅵ），反应符合动力学一级方程。土壤中Se(Ⅵ）／Se(Ⅳ）体系氧化还原反应的临界电位为71．4mV-206.1mV(pH7.0)，土壤pH上升1个单位，电位相应降低40．1mV.Se(Ⅵ)/Se(Ⅳ）体系在土壤氧化还原顺序中的反应次序居猛体系之后，与铁体系平行。     

土地人口承载量研究中的几个问题

土地人口承载量研究是协调国民经济发展的重要内容。在这项以土地第一性生产为基础的多层次研究中,土地资源数量与开发利用前景是人口承载量的基础,同时亦应把保持良好生态系统作为估算土地人口承载量的前提条件。人口承载量也是一个受时间、环境条件制约的变量,所以必须考虑技术经济因素进步对提高土地生产力与人口负荷量的影响。为了取得土地人口承载量与社会协调发展,应采取控制人口,提高土地生产力,开拓新的土地利用领域,建立合理的人口流动方案与区际间的协调发展平衡。     

Properties of polyferric-silicate-sulfate(PFSS) coagulant

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The Monitoring,Evaluation, Reporting and Verification of Climate Change Projects

Because of concerns with the growing threat of global climate change from increasing emissions of greenhouse gases, the United States and other countries are implementing, by themselves or in cooperation with one or more other nations, climate change projects. These projects will reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or sequester carbon, and will also result in non-GHG benefits (i.e., environmental, economic, and social benefits). Monitoring, evaluating, reporting, and verifying (MERV) guidelines are needed for these projects to accurately determine their net GHG, and other, benefits. Implementation of MERV guidelines is also intended to: (1) increase the reliability of data for estimating GHG benefits; (2) provide real-time data so that mid-course corrections can be made; (3) introduce consistency and transparency across project types and reporters; and (4) enhance the credibility of the projects with stakeholders. In this paper, we review the issues involved in MERV activities. We identify several topics that future protocols and guidelines need to address, such as: (1) establishing a credible baseline; (2) accounting for impacts outside project boundaries through leakage; (3) net GHG reductions and other benefits; (4) precision of measurement; (5) MERV frequency and the persistence (sustainability) of savings, emissions reduction, and carbon sequestration; (6) reporting by multiple project participants; (7) verification of GHG reduction credits; (8) uncertainty and risk; (9) institutional capacity in conducting MERV; and (10) the cost of MERV.     

Performances of the cotton bollworm,Heliothis armigera (Hubner) at different temperatures and relative humidities

The cotton bollworm, Heliothis armigera (Hubner) is an important insect species at-tacking many crops. Their performances have been examined at temperatures from 15℃ to 35℃ and relative humidities (RH) between 22.5% and 100%, respectively, in order to assess possible effect of climate in future on its occurrence and infestation. Durations of all developmental stages of the insect shortened with increasing temperature. The temperature favoring population growth ranged from 25℃ to 30℃.Larval duration and adult longevity decreased as relative humidity increased, but development of other stages was independent of RH. At RH of over 64%, their survival rate, egg production and oviposition rate varied a little, and all the population parameters of the insect remained at a relative constant level.     

The International Boreal Forest Research Association: Understanding Boreal Forests and Forestry in a Changing World

Boreal forests represent a biome of the planet whose unique characteristics are changing rapidly under the influence of both human and natural pressures. These forests hold the key to current and future supply of coniferous industrial wood and at the same time play a significant role in regulating Earth's climatic system. Expected to be one of the most rapidly impacted regions of the world by future climate change, the boreal biome has already been substantially affected by global change. It is likely that if unabated, continued change will lead to impoverishment and degradation of boreal ecosystems, with consequent loss of vital services upon which human society depends. An improved systems understanding of the functioning of circumpolar boreal forests is a pressing challenge for boreal forest science and is needed in order to estimate their resilience to perturbations, to predict likely responses to the changing environment, and to design mitigation strategies. With such understanding, coordinated international efforts can be focused on developing anticipatory strategies for adaptation to, and mitigation of dangerous consequences of global change for boreal resources. The International Boreal Forest Research Association (IBFRA) provides a focus for international research on these issues and serves as a global window for boreal forest science and sustainable forest management in the boreal region.     

Assessing vulnerabilities to the effects of global change: an eight step approach

In the recent years, global environmental change research has seen increased attention to the concept of vulnerability. There have been a growing number of vulnerability assessments, but relatively little discussion on appropriate and common methods. Here we propose a method to guide vulnerability assessments of coupled human–environment systems toward a common objective: informing the decision-making of specific stakeholders about options for adapting to the effects of global change. We suggest five criteria vulnerability assessments must at least possess to achieve this objective. They should have a knowledge base from various disciplines and stakeholder participation, be place based, consider multiple interacting stresses, examine differential adaptive capacity, and be prospective as well as historical. On the basis of these criteria, we present a general methodological guideline of eight steps. To examine whether these eight steps, if attentively coordinated, do in fact achieve the criteria, and in turn satisfy the objective of the assessment, we discuss two case studies. We expect most readers to identify some of the steps as part of their well-established disciplinary practices. However, they should also identify one or more steps as uncommon to their research traditions. Thus taken together the eight steps constitute a novel methodological framework. We hypothesize that if researchers employ this framework, then the products of the research will (1) achieve the objective of preparing stakeholders for the effects of global change on a site-specific basis, and (2) further the “public good” of additional insights through cross-study comparisons of research projects designed according to common principles.     

Application of recording films of solar radiation for environmental and ecological research

Global solar radiation is recorded by fading of the colored film into which azo-dye is impregnated with use of organic solvent. Oil Red O, Sudan I, Sudan IV and Pyridylazonaphthol are used as the azo dye. These films can be applied to measure the solar radiation in many kinds of environmental or ecological conditions. The merits of the film compared with usual measurements are to be: unnecessary of any electric sources; cheap and mass-productive easily; suitable to integrate solar radiation for long time; easy dealing in out-door or underwater conditions; possible to use on leaves of any plants because of light weight; possible to use in a lot of points at the same time.     

基于3S技术的环境污染治理对策论应用模型研究

探讨了基于3S技术的现代空间信息系统支持下的对策论多元合作对策费用分摊策略问题。首先．从对策论基本原理出发，分析了费用分摊对策模型。针对大气环境污染防治多元决策问题，提出了采用3S综合集成技术确定污染源及盛行污染路径、确定污染区域面积和污染损失、污染损失费用分摊分析模型与方法。介绍了模型在大气环境污染防治多元决策领域中的应用实例。3S技术为对策论模型提供科学决策数据，有效地解决对策论应用中的瓶颈问题。