排污权交易市场中政府角色研究

排污权交易的实质是利用市场机制来控制环境污染,这一市场行为正常运转的前提是明确政府部门在排污权交易市场中的职能和角色。本文从区域政府部门在排污权交易市场中需要发挥的重要作用,包括组织、监督、管理、协调等方面进行探讨,以对其职能和角色进行研究并得出结论,即现代政府在排污权交易中的角色定位应为管理者、协助者和引导者。     

基于西部开发战略的丽江市发展定位初探

国家实施西部大开发战略以来,西部地区的经济、社会、基础设施、生态建设等各项事业取得快速发展。但是,西部地区的经济发展水平、居民收入水平与全国平均相比差距仍较大,公共服务领域不足等问题依然突出。以丽江市为例,分析了丽江过去30 a的经济包括旅游业的发展状况,比较了其小康社会和现代化指标完成情况,分析结果表明,纵向上丽江在经济发展上取得了跨越式的发展,但横向对比全国其他地区和城市,在经济尤其在社会发展方面还有很大差距,少数民族问题尤为突出。最后结合丽江的区域和旅游发展实际,讨论了今后国家西部开发政策的倾斜和定位,指出加强财政转移支付,制定少数民族社会文化发展战略以及支持西部偏远少数民族地区的经济区规划和建设是这一定位的重点。
     

Serving the Common Interest in U.S. Forest Policy: A Case Study of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act

In the United States, the common interest often is conceived as a by-product of the pluralist, interest-group-driven democratic process. Special interests dominate in many political arenas. Consequently, we have lost the language, vocabulary, and ability to talk about the common interest. The way to reverse this trend is to develop and practice with new tools that allow us to articulate what we mean by the common interest in specific contexts. In this article, we leveraged the literature on procedural, substantive, and pragmatic decision making to illustrate how they work together to demonstrate whether and how the common interest was served in three case studies of Healthy Forests Restoration Act implementation on the Apache-Sitgreaves National Forest in Arizona. In two of the cases we found that the common interest was mostly served, while in the third case it was not. Our results raise questions about the ability of procedural criteria or substantive criteria alone to determine effectiveness in decision making. When evaluated together they provide a more complete understanding of how the common interest is or is not served.

我国环保投入财税政策的现状及启示

分析了我国环保投入财税政策的现状,对比国内外相应政策,指出现阶段我国环保财政存在投入仍然不足、投资结构不合理、财税政策对促进环保投入的效果不明显等问题;总结国外经验,提出应加大财政资金投入、综合运用多种财政工具以及深化环保税收政策的改革等对策,以促进我国环保产业稳健、迅速发展。     

A dominant coalition and policy change: an analysis of shale oil and gas politics in India

This paper identifies the coalitions involved in the topic of shale oil and gas development in India and identifies the circumstances surrounding a change in policy in 2013 by the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas to promote shale exploration. Using the Advocacy Coalition Framework as the theoretical lens, the data are collected primarily from newspaper articles from 2010 to 2015 to identify coalitions, including actors’ positions, priorities, and interactions. The findings show the presence of a dominant advocacy coalition in favor of shale oil and gas development with priorities about energy security and a regulatory framework. The findings indicate some internal coalition disagreement, but stronger internal coalition agreement. Policy change was preceded by a spike in disagreement internal to the dominant coalition. This paper shows how a change in a dominant coalition can precede a change in policy, offers a replicable method of identifying and measuring coalitions via newspaper content analysis, provides a rare application of the Advocacy Coalition Framework outside of North America and Western Europe, and provides evidence of support for shale oil and gas development in India.     

基于全球三大经济体实践的环境影响评价改革趋势及动因研究

环境影响评价(简称环评)是一项重要环境管理制度,自1969年实施以来,在全球范围内经历了不断的修正和完善。特别是近10年来,在不同的政治、经济背景下,全球三大经济体——美国、中国和欧盟的环评改革均呈现出简化行政程序以及提高评价过程和报告书质量的共同趋势。采用多源流分析框架,对美国、欧盟和中国环评制度改革的根源、动力和趋势进行比较研究。结果表明,环评改革的根源在于不同国情背景下政策的实践反馈、公众环保意识的觉醒以及市场压力。

     

The political dynamics of voter retrospection and disaster responses

Natural hazards not only have socioeconomic ramifications, they also have political repercussions. This paper takes stock of the fast-growing area of research linking disasters triggered by natural hazards to voting behaviour. It is based on the central tenet of voter retrospection: voters place emphasis on past events when making their selection. The study uncovers a great disparity in analysis of electoral outcomes in the wake of disasters, part of which can be explained by the different methodological choices of authors. However, the unpredictability of voting behaviour in the aftermath of disasters also points to the relevance of introducing an intermediate variable when elucidating voter movements. This variable should capture the prevailing political discourses that surround disasters, as these are likely to shape the dynamics of voter retrospection. The paper demonstrates the analytical relevance of such political discourses by contrasting political dynamics in Denmark and Sweden following the Indian Ocean tsunami on 26 December 2004.     

Cash transfers' effect on government support: the case of Fiji

While some scholars have found that government post-disaster assistance supports the incumbent, others have shown that incumbent effects among beneficiaries are imperceptible or negative. This article contributes to this debate by using a regression discontinuity design of households affected by Tropical Cyclone Winston in Fiji to show that the type of assistance provided is an important variable in understanding the effects of aid on perceptions of the government. Residents of Fiji who received a post-disaster cash transfer are up to 20 per cent more likely to be very satisfied with the government than are those who did not. The probability further increases if the cash transfer was provided along with in-kind benefits or vouchers, but it is not affected if beneficiaries were also encouraged to use their own pension savings. This paper provides evidence in favour of the ‘attentive citizen’ theory by demonstrating that beneficiaries actively appraise government responses; it also reveals possible effects of elite capture on the relationship between the government and beneficiaries.     

Biofuels and agriculture: a past perspective and uncertain future

The US corn ethanol industry has grown from virtually nothing in the early 1980s to over 14 billion gallons in 2011. Subsidies have been an important impetus for the industry, and they have existed in one form or another throughout the life of the industry. This paper provides (1) a brief look at the history of the linkages between energy and agriculture and how they have changed with biofuels; (2) a review of some of the major impacts of the US corn ethanol program; and (3) analysis of prospective impacts of cellulosic biofuels. There is no doubt that biofuels have brought about a new era for global agriculture. Historically, the prices of agricultural and energy products moved in response to supply and demand factors relevant to each market, but moved largely independent of one another. Corn ethanol has changed that, and today there is a link between crude oil and corn that is driven by the demand side. Since agricultural commodity prices are linked both on the demand and supply sides, the corn–crude oil link spills over to other agricultural commodities as well. Development of cellulosic biofuels has been much slower than hoped. The feedstocks are more expensive than initially believed. Conversion technologies remain uncertain and expensive. There are many uncertainties through the cellulosic supply chain, and government policy remains uncertain as well. Thus, the future of the cellulosic biofuels industry is, at this point, an open question.     

考虑车辆类型变化的中国乘用车排放特征

通过引入Lotka-Volterra模型预测了中国未来30年的乘用车竞争趋势;通过引入CHG、VOC、CO、SO2、PM2.5、NOx6类污染物更新了全生命周期清单;并据此建立了政策影响模型和敏感性模型评估电动化、轻量化和清洁化政策情景减排效果.结果表明,乘用车市场的主要竞争力来源于新能源与传统能源的竞争,且纯电动与混...