MISSOURI RIVER DEVELOPMENT POLICY AND RURAL COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT1

ABSTRACT: Federal planners, in proposing the massive main stem Missouri River water developments in Montana and North Dakota, promised economic and social benefits to the local residents. Five main stem dams, Fort Peck, Garrison, Oahe, Big Bend and Fort Randall, were evaluated for community and rural development effectiveness. Thirty-seven development factors were examined and improvements noted. Only small differences were noted between areas with water developments and the control area. Further analysis revealed that water development benefits moved downstream and to existing urban areas. The Missouri River's rural areas and small communities were not developed significantly by the water projects. Several problems associated with water development policy were illustrated by the study. Cultural differences between planners and the population impacted were ignored. Second, the allocation of social costs was not considered and related to this, serious geographic maldistribution of benefits and costs resulted. The differences between pre-development promises and development performance was dramatic. While the large dams remain as landmarks to engineering prowess, the projects need to be evaluated for their success in meeting humanistic development objectives. Major redevelopment may be warranted by such an ex-post evaluation.     

Institutional Responses to Climate Change: the Case of the Alaska Transportation System

Institutions managing the Alaska road,rail, airport, and marine highwaytransportation system and the pipelinecorridor are evaluated for reactions toevidence of climate change. Long-termclimate warming is not a formal criterionin the decisional process of the stateDepartment of Transportation and PublicFacilities for road and airport projects,which have a short (15–25 year) life span,but is taken into account for bridgeconstruction (50–75 year life). Short- tomid-term climate effects are considered inareas with discontinuous permafrost andaffect routing, roadbed construction, andmaintenance decisions. National standardsare amended with Alaska-specific practicesfor unique cold-weather conditions.The Federal/State Joint Pipeline Office(JPO), responsible for monitoring ofpipeline safety under the federal lease andstate grant, in 2001 developed additionalstipulations to mitigate permafrost thawingand slope instability, including a `watchlist' of 200 wobbling VSMs on theTrans-Alaska Pipeline. This action appearsmore responsive to climate change effectsthan that of any other arctic institutionstudied. It can be attributed to thespecific authority of the JPO to monitorgeotechnical conditions at present and inthe future.In general, agencies tended to adoptincremental responses to evidence ofclimate change.     

战略环境影响评价及其在我国实施的必要性

本文简要介绍了战略环境影响评价（SEA）的产生，涵义，特点及研究现状，分析了当前我国环境影响评价存在的主要问题，重点论述了SEA在我国实施的必要性，阐明了SEA是实现可持续发展和改善我国环境评价质量的重要手段。     

环境决策支持系统研究进展

叙述了环境决策支持系统（Ｅｎｖｉｒｏｎｍｅｎｔ Ｄｅｃｉｓｉｏｎ Ｓｕｐｐｏｒｔ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ－ＥＤＳＳ）的概念。通过对ＥＤＳＳ专著及实际应用于水质规划与管理。大气环境质量管理,环境影响评价等决策支持系统的介绍和评价,阐明了国我在ＥＤＳＳ领域的研究进展和我国在这一领域的研究成果。最后对ＥＤＳＳ的研究提出了若干建议。     

Evaluating Experience with Renewables Portfolio Standards in the United States

Increased use of renewable energy is one of several promising methods for reducing emissions of local, regional, and global air pollutants, including greenhouse gas emissions associated with fossil-fuel based electricity production. Among the available options for encouraging renewable electricity generation, the renewables portfolio standard (RPS) has become especially popular in recent years. The RPS is a newly established policy mechanism, however, and experience with its use has not been widely documented and evaluated. This paper describes and evaluates the design, impacts, and early experience of 13 U.S. state RPS policies. These 13 policies share a common goal of encouraging renewable energy supply, but each specific RPS is designed differently. Our evaluation shows both successes and failures with this policy mechanism; some state RPS policies are positively impacting renewable energy development, while others have been poorly designed and will do little to advance renewable energy markets.We emphasize the importance of policy design details, and specifically highlight critical design pitfalls that have been commonly experienced. Though experience with the RPS is still limited, we have now gained some knowledge of the conditions and design features necessary to make an RPS policy work. An important objective of this article is therefore to identify and describe broad policy design principles and specific best practice design elements that might be used to guide the design of future renewables portfolio standards.     

乡镇企业环境问题与可持续发展

未来跨世纪的１５年，中国乡镇企业将成为国民经济的主力军，它带来的环境污染和破坏将成为中国最为突出的问题。预测分析，今后乡镇企业环境污染趋势是由东部地区向中、西部地区转移，污染范围、速度和程度将进一步增大。针对目前乡镇企业的技术、管理和政策弊端，从可持续发展高度出发，加强政策宏观调控力度、加快技术进步进度、加大环境管理强度，促进持续、稳定、健康地发展。     

The minerals sector, sectoral analysis, and economic development

Sectoral analysis, a new branch of political science, alleges that mineral extraction creates a socio-political climate that promotes inflexible statism, which in turn leads to substandard development performance. The theory, that mineral economies underperform bureaucratically and economically, is said not only to hold in a post-dictive sense for the mature mineral economies, such as Zambia, but also in a predictive sense for the newer mineral economies, such as Ecuador. This essay reviews and assesses this hypothesis in the light of the empirical evidence comparing mineral production, state capacity, and economic performance. It finds that the sectoralist view is supportable only in selected cases, and is not a general result.     

徐州市环保产业的发展现状及对策研究

近几年来，徐州市经济发展迅速，但环保产业发展相对滞后，文章分析了徐州市环保产业的发展现状和存在的问题，提出了相应的解决措施，希望能够对徐州市环保产业的发展起到一定的促进作用。     

The market-incentive recycling system for waste packaging containers in Taiwan

This paper presents a new market-incentive (MI) system to recycle waste-packaging containers in Taiwan. Since most used packaging containers have no or insufficient market value, the government imposes a combined product charge and subsidy policy to provide enough economic incentive for recycling various kinds of packaging containers, such as iron, aluminum, paper, glass and plastic. Empirical results show that the new MI approach has stimulated and established the recycling market for waste-packaging containers. The new recycling system has provided 18,356 employment opportunities and generated NT$ 6.97 billion in real-production value and NT$ 3.18 billion in real GDP during the 1998 survey year. Cost-effectiveness analysis constitutes the theoretical foundation of the new scheme, whereas data used to compute empirical product charge are from two sources: marketing surveys of internal conventional costs of solid-waste collection, disposal and recycling in Taiwan, and benefit transfer of external environmental costs in the United States. The new recycling policy designed by the authors provides a reasonable solution for solid-waste management in a country with limited land resources such as Taiwan.     

基于决策支持系统的多目标参与评价分析--异龙湖综合治理总体规划方法研讨

“异龙湖流域环境保护与总体规划”对经过预选的拟议措施进行基于决策支持系统的多目标参与评价分析,依据多目标参与评价的综合指数进行排序,优选总体规划的实施措施清单,最后,利用决策支持系统进行最终选定措施对异龙湖水质改善效果进行分析。