喀斯特石漠化地区生态恢复重建技术及其成果的价值评估——以广西平果县果化示范区为例

用土壤改良技术、表层岩溶水开发技术和生物恢复重建技术等对广西平果县果化示范区的土壤和植被等进行了恢复重建,结果是:果化示范区的植被覆盖率由2000年重建前的10%提高到2005年的50%~70%,水土流失也得到了较明显的控制,土壤侵蚀模数下降到了510.92 kg/(km2.a)。用生态经济学的原理和方法,对恢复后的生态系统服务价值进行了评估,结果表明示范区新增的间接利用价值达10186873元,间接利用价值是直接利用价值的12倍。新增的生态效益为8002053元,社会效益为2184820元。扣除治理期间实际投入的科研费用,增加的总生态服务净价值为8869308元。     

利用耗散结构中的熵变计算探讨城镇生态系统的发展方向

判断城镇生态系统的发展方向通常用系统的产值或利润 ,这不能全面地表达城镇生态系统的的物质流、能量流、信息流、人口流以及货币流对系统的作用。文章从城镇生态系统的本质出发 ,利用耗散结构理论 ,探讨了城镇生态系统的熵变计算公式 ,并将它应用到大丰市和锡山市 ,所得结论与实际基本相符。因此 ,建议将熵变作为城镇生态系统的一个综合参数加以利用。     

黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分动态集成预报模型及其应用

提出了以ＧＭ（１,１）模型拟合发展的趋势、傅里叶变换撮周期分量ＡＲ（ｐ）模型模拟随机过程的集成预报模型,并用于黄河三角洲人工草场群落土壤盐分的定量研究中,经理论和应用检验证明：该模型能以较高的精度模拟或预报土壤盐分在较长时期内的动态变化过程,方法简单,计算工作量小,并优于传统的单一预报模型。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

松花江流域大型底栖动物生物完整性指数构建及其适用性

利用生物完整性指数评价河流健康状态,对于水环境管理决策具有重要的实践意义。基于大型底栖动物构建生物完整性指数(B-IBI),并评价松花江流域的水生态系统健康状况。在松花江主要干支流设定37个采样点,分别于2016年6、9月进行环境因子和大型底栖动物调查研究。最终从28个候选参数中确定了种类总数、摇蚊种类数、敏感种百分比、Hilsenhoff指数、Marglef指数作为核心参数构建B-IBI。通过0～10赋分法,计算得到了松花江流域全部采样点的生物完整性评价得分。结果显示,松花江流域内60%区域生物状态存在不同程度的损害。另外,B-IBI能够综合反映松花江大型底栖动物群落多样性、生境质量、理化水质等,具有一定的适用性。     

Ecosystem services assessments in local municipal decision making in South Africa: justification for the use of a business-based approach

The ecosystem services (ES) concept is being increasingly incorporated into environmental policy formulation and management approaches. The Corporate Ecosystem Services Review (ESR) is a framework used to assess the dependence and impact that a business has on ES. The success of the corporate experience of ES assessment provides an opportunity for adaption for local authority decision making. In this paper, the ESR tool was adapted to the South African setting at a local government level, and tested at two sites in the Msunduzi Municipality, KwaZulu-Natal. In testing the tool and gathering feedback from key stakeholders, it was found that there are both opportunities and challenges to this approach. Overall, however, it provides an opportunity for the systematic inclusion of ES assessment into existing regulatory frameworks for land-use planning and Integrated Environmental Management, whether in a strategic application, at a broader spatial (municipal) scale or in a specific locale within the municipality.     

土地利用生态服务价值指标体系评估结果比较研究

生态系统服务价值评估越来越受到学术界关注。针对当前生态服务价值评估方法、指标体系和评估效果较多的实践,通过文献归纳,对国内外土地利用生态服务价值评价方法、指标体系及其系数进行了梳理、分类和评价,将指标体系分为Costanza和谢高地两大类,并将谢高地指标体系分为价值当量、价值系数和区域修正。以辽宁省2005、2010年土地利用数据为案例,运用Costanza价值系数、谢高地两个版本价值当量、两个版本价值系数的区域修正,分别核算了案例区生态系统服务价值及变化,并比较评价结果。研究得出Costanza价值系数应用于中国实践时评估结果显得偏低,谢高地2002版的价值当量和2002版的价值系数区域修正结果最接近平均值,相对较为可取,2007版的价值系数区域修正评估结果也较为接近均值但略低,2007版的价值当量评估结果总体偏高。研究结果有利于指导土地利用生态服务价值评估指标体系选取。     

The current state of knowledge of ecosystems and ecosystem services in Russia: A status report

This paper focusses on a conceptual overview of ways to address a comprehensive analysis of ecosystem services (ES) in a country as large and heterogeneous as Russia. As a first step, a methodology for assessing the services for the federal subjects of Russia was chosen, i.e., its constituent provinces and similar entities, in physical terms. Russia harbors a great diversity of natural conditions and ecosystems which are suppliers of ES, and likewise a variety of the socio-economic conditions that shape the demand for these services and their consumption. The methodological approach described permits several important tasks to be addressed: the evaluation of the degree of satisfaction of people’s needs for ES, the identification of ecological donor and acceptor regions, and zoning of the country’s territory for ES assessment. The next step is to prepare a prototype of a National Report on ES in Russia, for which we are presenting the planned structure.     

温带典型草地土壤净氮矿化作用研究

应用树脂芯方法,研究了内蒙古锡林河流域不同降水强度3种草地类型土壤净氮矿化作用.结果表明,7～10月份,羊草草原的平均净氮矿化率为0.333 kg·(hm²·d)^-1,贝加尔针茅草原为0.316 kg·(hm²·d)^-1,克氏针茅草原为0.211 kg·(hm²·d)^-1;在相同的培养周期内,分阶段培养和连续培养对土壤的净氮矿化量和净氮矿化速率有显著影响;降雨是影响该区域氮素矿化的主要因素之一,3种草地类型土壤水分变化量与土壤净氮矿化速率呈正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.80、0.61、0.56.     

Interaction Between the Environment and Animals in Urban Settings: Integrated and Participatory Planning

In urban ecosystems, the ecological system has become completely unbalanced; this, in turn, has led to an increase in well-known problems such as air pollution, ground pollution, and water pollution. This imbalance has also led to the growth and spread of pathogens harmful to man, animals, and plants. Urban sustainability indicators, both global and local, also “indicate” the percentage of population, but these refer only to the human population, not the animal population. Cities need good waste, water, and air management, effective traffic planning, and good zoning of businesses, crafts, and services; over and above these activities, cities also need for planning to take into account the existence of pets (dogs, cats, and etc.) and nonpet animals (insects, birds, mice, etc.). Cities tend to be designed around humans and “on a human scale,” without taking into account the fact that a huge animal population is living side by side with people. That explains why overcrowding tends to go hand in hand with urbanization; all these populations, including humans, need to adapt to new spaces and often need to drastically change their behavior. This is a fact that must be included when drafting sustainable city plans. The supposed strategy is that of “integrated-participatory” control of the interactions between the environment and animals in the cities. Strategy will focus on the development of integrated approaches and tools for environment and animal management in the context of urban settings. This will require such specific methods as ecological balance sheets and ecoplans for the planning, management, and control of the interrelation among environment, animal, and public health. The objective is to develop a better understanding of urban biodiversity and of urban ecosystem functioning, in order to understand and minimize the negative impacts of human activities on them. The research will focus on assessing and forecasting changes in urban biodiversity, structure, function, and dynamics of urban ecosystems, with relationships among society, economy, biodiversity, and habitats.