西北地区草地旅游点的生态功能与建设方向——从青海高原都兰古王国墓葬群及其周围的原生态绿色魅力谈起

对青海省都兰县吐谷浑古王国墓葬群山谷地及其周围3 600 km2范围内生态环境进行考察后认为,完善的草地旅游应具有生态心理抚育、生态文化鉴赏、自然原生态的生理享有以及草地生态农业成就观光4个方面的生态功能.据此,提出了草地生态旅游的建设方向与建议.     

三江源区草场生态恶化原因新解

上世纪60年代以来三江源区草场“三化”明显,生态恶化,究其原因,既有自然因素的影响,又有人类活动的作用。通过比较分析有测量记录的气温、降雨和年末牲畜存栏数、采金、挖虫草(Cordycepssinensis)规模的变化及其与草原植被覆盖度变化的关系,文章为人为成因说提供了更为翔实可靠的证据。结论:超载是1957—1979年间、采金子和挖虫草是1980—2004年间草场生态恶化的主要原因。     

陕西省干旱灾害的农业风险评估

分析了陕西干旱发生的时空规律,以缺水率划分干旱标准,评价陕西各季农业干旱状况,并对1949～1990年共42a粮食产量序列进行滑动平均模拟,以粮食减产百分率评估全省干旱灾害等级,得出干旱损失评估模式,使陕西干旱灾害的评估由定性到定量,为其它灾害的定量评估提供了经验。     

关于荒漠化问题的几点想法

荒漠化问题是个全球问题,受到了广泛的关注.就目前我国的荒漠化问题,本文提出了几点想法.     

重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准影响研究

通过应用箱工模型，模拟研究了实施排放标准对大气环境质量的影响，分析讨论了实施２排放标准的技术经济可行性。得出如下结论：（１）重庆市实施大气二氧化硫污染物排放标准能基本满足在气环境质量减级标准的要求。（２）实施标准所需二氧化硫治理静态投资费用总额计２６．３６９亿元。（３）实施标准减少环境污染损失６．４４０亿元。     

Adaptation Options Strategies for Hazards and Vulnerability Mitigation: An International Perspective

The broad objective of this special issue of Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change is to address some of the gaps in our knowledge and understanding of the policies, programs, and measures that might be applied to natural hazards and their impacts in an era of climate change. Given the global impacts of climate change and world-wide pattern of increasing losses from natural hazards we necessarily adopt an international perspective. The specific goals of the special issue are to: (a) encompass experiential aspects, emphasizing current practice of mitigation and its associated measures, and their results; and (b) explore primary or root causes of alarming shifts in human and economic costs of environmental extremes. Special emphasis is placed on how human activities are playing a key role in enhancing vulnerability to NTEE (nature-triggered environmental extremes), quite independently from the anthropogenic causes of climate change. The goals are also (c) to examine costs, risks, and benefits (of all kinds including social, political, ecological) of mitigation, and adjustment and adaptation measures; and (d) analyze policy implications of alternative measures. These components are expected to make significant contributions to policy considerations – formulation, implementation and evaluation. There is much uncertainty about the rate of climate change; however, the fact of increase of the atmospheric temperature in the last century is no longer a subject of scientific or policy debate. Due to such changes in the geophysical parameters, certain types of nature-triggered environmental extreme events are likely to continue to increase. How global warming will affect regional climates and pertinent variables is not well known, limiting our ability to predict consequential effects. This factor poses serious constraints against any straightforward policy decisions. Research findings of the work of this volume reaffirm that human dimensions, specifically our awareness and decision-making behavior, are powerful explanatory factors of increasing disaster losses. Disaster mitigation through addressing human, social, and physical vulnerability is one of the best means for contributing to ‘climate change adaptation plans’, and sustainable development goals. Recent lessons from various countries have depicted that the formulation of mitigation strategies cannot be exclusively top-down as it requires social, political, and cultural acceptance and sense of ownership. An interactive, participatory process, involving local communities, produces best expected outcomes concerning mitigation, preparedness, and recovery. An emerging consensus is that there is a need to move towards the ‘mission’ of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction which aims at building disaster resilient communities by promoting increased awareness of the importance of disaster reduction as an integral component of sustainable development, with the goal of reducing human, social, economic and environmental losses due to natural hazards and related technological and environmental disasters. Sharing of best practices and lessons globally is certain to produce more efficiency and understanding in policy and decision making.     

可张孔曝气器曝气能耗试验研究

通过试验研究,总结出可张孔曝气阻力损失的影响因素,以优化产品的结构设计参数,降低产品在工程应用中的能耗,获取更好的经济效益。     

煤质粉末活性炭自燃和热稳定性分析

针对煤质粉末活性炭最显著的热危险特性——自燃危险性进行试验。采用粉尘层最低着火温度测定系统对煤质粉末活性炭进行自燃试验,测定煤质粉末活性炭的最低着火温度;采用SDT Q600热重分析仪测定煤质粉末活性炭在氮气和空气气氛中以20℃/min的速率升温至700℃时的热解和燃烧特性,通过TG/DTG曲线计算其着火温度,并进行热稳定性评价。粉尘层自燃试验结果表明,煤质粉末活性炭最低着火温度为400℃,具有自燃危险性,易形成阴燃;氮气气氛中热解试验表明,热解过程经历了室温~120.0℃和280.0~700.0℃两次轻缓失重阶段,646.44℃时挥发分热失重速率最大,对应热失重速率峰值为0.082 6%/℃,自燃危险性较低;空气气氛中燃烧试验表明,燃烧过程经历了室温~95.5℃和300.0~600.0℃两次剧烈失重阶段,分别为吸附水分受热蒸发和氧化生成的有机官能团分解脱附导致,565.35℃时挥发分热失重速率最大,对应热失重速率峰值为13.20%/min,粉末较强的氧气吸附效应和较低的导热系数导致其自燃倾向较高,火灾危险性较大。     

薄膜覆盖减少化肥养分流失研究

我国化肥的利用率低,使用量又不断增长,增加了农业面源污染问题的严重性.本研究针对化肥流失主要通过水带走的特性,进行大田试验种植玉米,利用薄膜覆盖所施用的化肥,实现"肥与水隔离",以减少化肥流失.试验一方面观察了不同施肥处理二季甜玉米的生长和产量,另一方面测定了作物对肥料的利用率以及地表径流养分含量.结果表明,在本土壤条件下甜玉米只需施用常规施肥量的70%即可达到高产.甜玉米收获后土壤中碱解氮、有效磷、有效钾的含量比不经薄膜覆盖的显著提高,其顺序为100%施肥量+覆膜70%施肥量+覆膜100%施肥量、70%施肥量不施肥.氮、磷、钾肥料的表观利用率分别为42%~87%、0%~3%和5%~15%,覆膜处理一般高于不覆膜处理,特别是在高施肥量情况下更为明显.通过8次径流水的收集测定,无薄膜覆盖的施肥处理的地表径流N、P和K平均浓度分别为27.72、2.70和7.07 mg.L-1,薄膜覆盖技术处理降低N、P、K浓度的效果分别达到了39.54%、28.05%、43.74%,对于减少农业面源污染和水体富营养化可起到明显效果.     

池塘悬浮物COD值与灼烧减重燃烧热值的定量关系

为了快速监测水体悬浮有机物的数量,文章采用密封法测定COD,研究了池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间的定量关系。结果表明:池塘水体悬浮物及固体干物质样品的COD值与燃烧热值及灼烧减重之间存在显著的相关关系。而且池塘水体悬浮物的COD值与燃烧热值之间的线性回归关系极显著,回归方程为,燃烧热值(J/L)=12.34COD(mg/L)+329.9。给定燃烧热值与有机碳的量以及与有机物量之间的换算系数,就可以推算出池塘悬浮有机物的数量。研究提出了一种池塘水体悬浮有机物的间接定量方法。