热带亚热带多雨湿润区旱地土壤氮肥淋溶损失模拟研究

用土柱研究旱地土壤60cm土体夏季的氮肥淋溶损失,结果表明,在土壤施尿素后35d内淋水350mm,在不产生泾流的条件下,淋失率平均为25．5％。还探讨了氮肥淋溶过程中的氮形态变化,以及施氮量和土层深度对氮肥淋浴损失的影响。     

珠海市坡地开垦引发的水土流失及其防治措施

珠海市被地开垦侵蚀的面积为756．82hm2,主要分布于西区斗门县的乾务、五山、斗门等镇,以及平沙区、三灶区等地海拔10～50m、坡度大于10的丘陵台地;侵蚀强度以中度侵蚀为主．平均侵蚀模数2380t／（km2·a）。造成坡地开垦侵蚀的主要原因是开垦利用过程中水土保持措施没有跟上,选择的坡地坡度过大,本文针对珠海市坡地开垦侵蚀的特点,建议采用等高绿篱耕作、山边沟技术、复合农村技术等几项坡地水土保持措施。     

大型仓库防火分隔带设计和预期财产损失研究

基于"性能化设计仓库安全水平不低于处方式设计仓库"的设计理念,针对某大型仓库进行了防火分隔带的设计和预期财产损失的评估。探讨了具体案例中采用事件树、概率计算与数值模拟相结合进行性能化设计安全水平分析和预期财产损失评估的方法。研究结果表明,进行仓库消防系统有效性分析和预期财产损失评估,有助于更全面地评价消防性能化设计方案的安全水平。     

自然灾害风险损失等评估的初步研究

在综述国内外自然灾害风险损失评估研究成果的基础上,运用归一化原理,对灾害风险度和灾害损失度的相对等级进行了划分,提出了单一灾种和复合灾种灾害风险损失度相对等级的划分方案和划分方法,然后依据不同灾种在时间上和空间上的叠加性以及机理上的关联性,对区域自然灾害风险损失等级评估方法和评估体系进行了初步探讨。     

中国技术灾害的时序变化与区域差异

近年来,由于生产的全球化、工业水平的迅速提高、技术系统的复杂化和规模化,以及社会结构急剧变化,我国技术灾害的发生频次增多,强度加剧,经济损失趋于上升.技术灾害继自然灾害之后,已逐渐发展为威胁我国人民生命安全和生存环境的主要灾种.基于技术灾害数据库,从致灾因子多度、风险频数、相对损失强度和综合风险指数等4个方面对中国技术灾害的时序变化和区域差异进行了分析与探讨,以期加深对中国技术灾害的系统认识,并为中国技术灾害的风险管理提供依据.     

生命经济价值研究

正确估算人的生命经济价值,对于正确评价企业安全投资的经济效益有着重要的意义。在借鉴国内外计算方法的基础上,选择马克思的劳动价值论及其最新研究成果与现代人力资本理论作为立论的基础。设计了生命价值新的计算模型。不仅为个人在各种事故中的赔偿和涉及人身的各种民事诉讼提供仲裁或判决依据,而且为科学的安全投入决策提供了新的视角和依据。     

The GANE Roof Project: The impact of reduced N & S deposition and experimental warming in an acid grassland

A field-based system used to quantify the response of acid grassland to reduced atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition, and to investigate the effects of elevated soil temperature on acid grassland development is described. The system is based on 12 retractable roofs, covering undisturbed experimental plots of acid grassland and three controls. Nine roofs are used to exclude natural precipitation and three roofs used to retain emitted IR radiation at night. An irrigation system has been developed to simulate natural precipitation, allowing for the application of specific treatment regimes of ambient, reduced nitrogen and reduced nitrogen/sulphur deposition beneath the nine rain exclusion plots. Plant, soil parameters, leachate chemistry and gaseous fluxes are being monitored and initial results on soil water chemistry are described. Warming appeared to enhance nitrate concentrations in soil water but this was not sustained beyond the first year of treatment. In contrast, the deposition reduction treatments decreased soil water nitrate concentrations within a few weeks of reducing deposition. This was not observed for other solutes such as sulphate or ammonium suggesting a more direct link between deposition of nitrate and leaching losses.     

Assessing the Effectiveness of Winter Cover Crops for Controlling Agricultural Nutrient Losses

A nutrient loss reduction strategy is necessary to guide the efforts of improving water quality downstream of an agricultural watershed. In this study, the effectiveness of two winter cover crops, namely cereal rye and annual ryegrass, is explored as a loss reduction strategy in a watershed that ultimately drains into a water supply reservoir. Using a coupled optimization-watershed model, optimal placements of the cover crops were identified that would result in the tradeoffs between nitrate-N losses reduction and adoption levels. Analysis of the 10%, 25%, 50%, and 75% adoption levels extracted from the optimal tradeoffs showed that the cover crop placements would provide annual nitrate-N loss reductions of 3.0%–3.7%, 7.8%–8.8%, 15%–17.5%, and 20.9%–24.3%, respectively. In addition, for the same adoption levels (i.e., 10%–75%), sediment (1.8%–17.7%), and total phosphorus losses (0.8%–8.6%) could be achieved. Results also indicate that implementing each cover crop on all croplands of the watershed could cause annual water yield reduction of at least 4.8%, with greater than 28% in the months of October and November. This could potentially be detrimental to the storage volume of the downstream reservoir, especially in drought years, if cover crops are adopted in most of the reservoir's drainage area. Evaluating water yield impacts, particularly in periods of low flows, is thus critical if cover crops are to be considered as best management practices in water supply watersheds.     

植物篱对土壤养分流失的控制机理研究

植物篱是一种能有效减少地表径流、保土蓄水的水土保持措施,但其控制土壤养分流失相关机理的研究甚少。2001年在长江上游支流吒溪河的二级支流王家桥小流域设立的6个香根草(Vetiveriazizanioides)植物篱试验小区中进行地形测量及采样分析,拟通过局部地形变化、土壤颗粒和养分在小区内的空间分布变化来分析植物篱对紫色土区土壤养分流失的控制机理。坡型测量结果表明,植物篱带前出现泥沙堆积,说明植物篱能有效阻止侵蚀泥沙的向下搬运;机械组成分析结果表明,侵蚀影响下的土壤颗粒粒径在空间上出现分布差异,侵蚀剧烈的局部>0.2mm土壤颗粒明显富集,而植物篱对不同粒径的土壤颗粒的流失均有控制效果,但对粒径较大的颗粒的流失控制效果更明显;全量养分和速效养分含量空间分布的分析结果则表明,植物篱对土壤养分流失具有明显的控制作用。     

经常性暴雨内涝区域房屋财(资)产脆弱性研究——以温州市为例

基于洪涝灾害脆弱性研究基本思路,选择经常性暴雨内涝区域——温州市麻步镇和水头镇,就0908号台风"莫拉克"影响开展"暴雨内涝灾后房屋财产和商业资产损失"抽样问卷调查。结果表明:淹没区域平均水深1.7m,平均淹没时间超过2 d,房屋财(资)产损失较大;经常性暴雨内涝区域30%住户和商铺灾害损失值和灾损率接近0,房屋财产和商业资产灾损率呈现乘幂函数曲线。