灾害与锡林郭勒草地退化,沙漠化

锡林郭勒盟是我国北方重要的畜牧业基地，它以拥有约０．１９７亿ｈｍ２天然草地而著称于世。然而，由于自然灾害和人为不正确的利用而发生了严重退化．到目前，全盟退化草地已占４８．６３％，它不仅为畜牧业生产带来了困难，同时也使一些重要的草地生态因子发生了变化，直接危及了人们的生产和生活。对于退化、沙漠化和草地整治已刻不容缓，应该引起国家有关部门和各级领导的足够重视．     

An Exploration of Dynamical Systems Modelling as a Decision Tool for Environmental Policy

A weakness often found in conventional environmental management tools is that of treating the dynamics of environmental effects and the underlying dynamics of structural change as external factors, precluding their ability to capture the evolutionary behaviour which characterizes economic systems. This article suggests a spatial dynamic modelling framework which addresses explicitly complex sectorial linkages and their environmental effects. The economic dynamics of the model are given spatial reference by means of a set of sector-based suitabilities, which allows us to explore both local environmental degradation effects as they unfold, and how these impacts then affect the economic productivity of the system as a whole. The approach is illustrated by calibrating the model with 1971-1981 data for the island of Crete, and then running it to explore how the economic dynamics of the island might evolve to the year 2001. This article presents a means through which to endogenize the environment and its explicit linkages with sectorial economic dynamics which can be of considerable use to environmental management in all its dimensions.     

湖南新化县文化旅游资源开发探索

在分析“蚩尤故里”湖南新化县丰富的山水文化、历史文化、名人文化、洞穴文化、民俗文化等旅游资源特色和开发利用条件的基础上,提出在其开发旅游资源的一些构想及科学规划的建议.参3.     

Hiking Trails and Tourism Impact Assessment In Protected Area: Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve,China

More and more visitors are attracted to protected areas nowadays, which not only bring about economic increase but also seriously adverse impacts on the ecological environment. In protected areas, trails are linkage between visitors and natural ecosystem, so they concentrate most of the adverse impacts caused by visitors. The trampling problems on the trails have been received attentions in the tremendous researches. However, few of them have correlated the environmental impacts to trail spatial patterns. In this project, the trails were selected as assessment objective, the trampling problems trail widening, multiple trail, and root exposure were taken as assessment indicators to assess ecological impacts in the case study area Jiuzhaigou Biosphere Reserve, and two spatial index, connectivity and circularity, were taken to indicate the trail network spatial patterns. The research results showed that the appearing frequency of the trampling problems had inverse correlation with the circularity and connectivity of the trail network, while the problem extent had no correlation with the spatial pattern. Comparing with the pristine trails, the artificial maintenance for the trails such as wooden trails and flagstone trails could prohibit vegetation root from exposure effectively. The research finds will be useful for the future trail design and tourism management.     

中国红色旅游网络关注度时空特征及影响因素

红色旅游网络关注度是红色旅游宣传推广水平的一种典型测量手段,也是红色旅游影响力的重要反映。以31个省（区、市）“红色旅游网络关注度”为研究对象,运用莫兰指数、面板向量自回归模型等对2011—2018年中国红色旅游网络关注度的时空特征及其影响因素进行研究。结果表明：（1）2011—2018年全国红色旅游网络关注度呈现波动增长趋势,且季节性差异显著;（2）全国红色旅游网络关注度差异性显著,呈现东部—中部—西部依次递减的趋势,但西部红色旅游5A级景区关注度上升态势凸显;（3）各省（区、市）红色旅游网络关注度具有显著的全局空间自相关性,“高—高”“低—低”集聚现象分别集中于东、中部和西部地区;（4）红色旅游网络关注度影响因素的贡献度大小排序为：互联网普及率>人均GDP>旅游信息化指数>区域媒体关注度>红色旅游经典景区网络关注度。     

旅游资源及其评价过程与机制:技术性评价到社会建构视角

合理评价旅游资源,发掘具有价值的潜在旅游资源,是促进旅游产业发展的重要基础。采用文献分析法,结合理论与实践,系统梳理回顾我国旅游资源评价的发展历程,分析旅游资源评价变迁所经历的三个不同阶段及其基本特征,并尝试探索转变的关键驱动力和影响机制。研究发现:我国的旅游资源评价经历了“要素评价—综合评价—社会评价”的过程,与旅游资源相对应的旅游吸引物等概念也被广泛接受和使用,在此过程中,政策、资本、社会经济、客源市场结构和信息传播媒介等是不同阶段转变的主要影响因素。未来的旅游资源评价将更注重实用性和可持续性及游客的需求和体验,并关注其经济、政治、文化、社会和生态综合价值;而新技术如5G的应用,会提高旅游资源（吸引物）的可视化和提高评价效率。     

Managing uncertainties through scenario analysis in strategic environmental assessment

Planning for the future is uncertain, and scenario analysis is a method of coping with the uncertainties of future plans. This paper addresses how to deal with future uncertainties by using scenario analysis as a possible approach for conducting a strategic environmental assessment (SEA). Although scenario-based approaches have been linked to strategic planning and SEA, this paper for the first time proposes how a combined approach may be implemented using specific tools and methodologies and, further on, it also implements the first three stages of the six stages proposed for the ‘scenario-based strategic planning’ approach. This work is an attempt to standardize SEA and scenario analysis as a combined approach. The three stages are tested within the Tourism Development Plan of the Iranian province of Gilan, which has been selected as a case study.     

Integrating nature-based tourism and forestry in private lands under heterogeneous visitor preferences for forest attributes

Developing nature-based tourism in private lands calls for new mechanisms to consolidate the interests of the tourism industry, visitors, and landowners. This choice experiment study elaborates on the heterogeneity of visitors’ preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for enhanced forest amenities and ecosystem services. The survey, targeting domestic and foreign tourists visiting the Ruka-Kuusamo area in Finland, considered four attributes: landscape quality, outdoor routes, forest biodiversity, and carbon sequestration. For observed heterogeneity, the visitors were grouped by their attitudes towards forest management. Unobserved heterogeneity in visitors’ choice behaviour and WTP was examined with the latent class model. While most visitors had environmentally friendly attitudes and were willing to pay, especially for enhanced landscape quality and biodiversity, considerable heterogeneity was revealed in terms of three segments with distinctive attitudes, choice behaviour and WTP. The variation in WTP has important implications for the design of a scheme of payments for environmental management.     

旅游乡村聚落“生产-生活-生态”空间重构与优化——河北野三坡旅游区苟各庄村的案例实证

优化乡村聚落"生产、生活、生态"空间格局是新的发展阶段,加快乡村生态文明建设和推进乡村新型城镇化进程的重要途径。论文采取参与性农村评估PRA、GIS空间分析技术和高清遥感影像相结合的方法,以典型旅游村落苟各庄村为案例,研究了28 a来聚落"三生"空间的重构过程。研究发现,因旅游业导入村落正经历着加速的空间重构过程。在此过程中,传统乡村生产生活空间逐步减少,生活-生产和生态-生产复合新型功能空间逐步增加,具体表现为生产空间由村外向村内转型发展,生活空间由分散到集聚的立体扩展,生态空间由斑块分割向整体利用的全面扩展。与传统乡村聚落"空心化"空间重构过程产业发展集聚、农民居住集中、资源利用集约不同,旅游乡村聚落则以乡村聚落空间融合、立体扩张和适度集约为基本特征。这种空间重构过程和演进模式的基本出发点与中国新型城镇化发展导向一致,代表着未来乡村城镇化进程的一种理想模式。当然,作为旅游城镇化空间演化路径,其发展必须遵循旅游城镇"外向型"发展导向,在生活空间中要重视公共空间扩展和重建,生产空间中要关注服务功能模块化提升,生态空间要重视景观生态整治和历史文脉挖掘,并以配套综合制度体系建构作为保障。研究结论将为推进中国新阶段旅游城镇化提供重要理论基础和规划建设佐证。     

新疆阿勒泰地区实施草原生态保护补奖政策研究

草原生态保护补助奖励政策在阿勒泰地区的实施,标志着该地区草原生态保护进入兼顾民生的发展时期。该地区的政策实施取得了一定的成效,但是还存在补偿标准低、草畜平衡难度大、基本规章制度尚未完善、配套设施及项目资金滞后、农牧民缺乏现代科学技术等问题。造成这些问题的原因有：草地牧草总产量和实际放牧量难以掌控;法律机制不完善;草原产权不清晰;草原生态建设的投融资机制不完善;生态保护观念尚未建立;农业转型困难等。