Environmental,economic and social costs and benefits of a packaging waste management system: A Portuguese case study

The impact of the management of packaging waste on the environment, economic growth and job creation is analyzed in this paper. This integrated assessment intends to cover a gap in the literature for this type of studies, using the specific case study of the Portuguese packaging waste management system (SIGRE).The net environmental benefits associated with the management of packaging waste, are calculated using the Life Cycle Assessment methodology. The results show that, for the categories studied, the impacts associated to SIGRE's various activities are surpassed by the benefits associated to material and energy recovery, with special focus on recycling. For example, in 2011 SIGRE avoided the emission of 116 kt CO₂ equiv. – the equivalent carbon emission of the electricity consumption of 124.000 households in Portugal.The economic impact of SIGRE is evaluated through Input–Output Analysis. It was found that SIGRE's activities also have a significant economic impact. For example, their added value are ranked amongst the upper third of the economic activities with highest multiplier effect at national level: this means that for each Euro of value added generated within SIGRE, 1.25 additional € are added to the rest of the economy (multiplier effect of 2.25).Regarding the social impacts of SIGRE, the number of direct jobs associated with the system is estimated to be more than two thousand and three hundred workers. Out of these, 83% are connected to the management of municipal waste packaging (selective collection and sorting), 15% are connected to the management of non-municipal packaging waste and only 2% are connected to the Sociedade Ponto Verde (SPV, green dot society in English) – the management entity responsible for SIGRE.In general terms, the results obtained provide quantitative support to the EEA (2011) suggestion that moving up the waste hierarchy – from landfilling to recycling – creates jobs and boosts the economy.     

植物对PFAS的富集机制研究进展

本文通过文献梳理,分析了全(多)氟烷基化合物(PFAS)对植物的暴露途径;统计了已发表文献中36种植物对19种PFAS的转运、富集特征;系统地阐释了PFAS从环境介质到植物组织内的迁移、积累机制;讨论了PFAS分子结构(如全氟碳链长度、头部官能团)、植物生理特性、环境因素对该富集过程的影响,并提出了未来有关植物富集PFAS可关注的重点和方向,以期能深入认识PFAS在环境介质-植物根际-植物组织内的赋存与迁移转化特征,更好地管控评估PFAS污染场地并制定植物修复方案,为开展生态与健康风险评价提供参考。     

Highly educated but occupationally differentiated: the members of Finland’s Green League

The socio-demographic profiles and occupations of the members of the Green League and other Finnish political parties are examined using survey data collected from the members of Finland’s six major political parties (n = 12,427). Significant differentiation in occupational structure is revealed among Green party members. The importance of understanding how Green party members differ by background is emphasised while providing new approaches to studying party members’ interests and goals.     

A火电厂氨站喷淋系统改造

液氨在储存和使用过程中存在较大的安全风险,极易燃,且有毒,对人体伤害较大,而且氨一旦产生大量泄漏,会对环境构成严重危害。通过安全评价的手段,查找出A火电厂氨站喷淋装置设置不合理,存在的安全隐患。针对此隐患,A火电厂有关部门按照相关设计标准,提出了对氨站喷淋装置的改、扩建方案,并于改造完成后对氨站喷淋装置试运行,改造后的喷淋装置能够达到要求,但是还存在一些不足,需要进一步改进。     

环境规制是否能激发绿色创新?——基于点-线-面三维框架的可视化分析

伴随生态文明建设确立为国家战略,环境规制与绿色创新日益成为学术领域研究的热点,其中最具代表性的波特假说近年来逐渐成为多领域学者们关注的重点问题,并积累了丰硕的研究成果。本文以1995—2018年Web of Science数据库中波特假说领域相关研究的文献为样本,运用可视化分析软件,基于点-线-面三维框架整理了环境规制与绿色创新、竞争力等相关主题的关键文献、历史路径和关键词聚类等内容。首先,在关键词共被引网络分析的基础上探讨波特假说研究中存在的四个热点方向,即学者们热衷于对波特假说的强版本、狭义版本以及弱版本进行检验;学者们对环境政策的研究细分至具体的政策如能源政策;倾向于利用不同类型的环境规制对企业环境创新进行验证;探究环境规制和环境创新成因之间的关系。接着,运用文献共被引关系路径分析发现两种引证关系路径,即实证引证关系路径和理论引证关系路径。最后,通过对高被引文献的共被引关系进行模块化分析,显示出了五个重要热点聚类:环境绩效与财务绩效;环境管制与竞争力;企业环境行为与环境管理;环境管制与产业区位选择;环境管制与生产效率。从而,得出了未来需要加强波特假说研究的五个方向的建议:一是文献研究对象需要扩展比较,理论支撑有待继续挖掘;二是针对企业异质性进行环境政策特性设计,灵活创新政府政策工具;三是企业主动性加强,推动形成企业层面研究新视角;四是关注跨国贸易,强化环境规制对国际碳转移和污染倾销问题研究;五是拓宽研究方法的新视角,多关注政策工具间交互影响。     

Multielement distribution in different plant organs∗

Different elements were found to accumulate at different levels at different parts of balsam plants. Results on multielement concentrations determined for plant foodstufffs of root, seed and leaf nature and As, Cr and Zn distributions along the stems and roots of balsam plant agree well with the above finding.     

Multiple environmental burdens and neighborhood-related health of city residents

Urban living environments are known to influence human well-being and health; however, little is known about the multidimensionality of different environmental burdens. The aim of this study is to examine the relations between multiple burdens and self-rated health of city residents in Berlin. A spatial analysis was conducted to determine neighborhood street blocks with high versus low levels of three environmental burdens (traffic noise, air pollution, lack of public green space) as study sites for a cross-sectional household questionnaire. Burden level served as a dichotomous predictor to compare residents' self-reports of neighborhood satisfaction, life satisfaction, health behavior, and psychological and physical health symptoms. Residents from high-burden blocks appraised the environmental conditions more stressful, reported poorer health behavior and were less satisfied with their neighborhood than residents from low-burden blocks. However, they did not differ in regard to more general health symptoms. Three other burdens (behavior-related noise, litter and dirt in public space, lack of urban vegetation), which could not be varied objectively, were assessed by their perceived intensity. Regression analyses of the relations between the perceived levels of all six burdens and outcomes in the total sample revealed the following: Neighborhood satisfaction could be predicted from multiple stressors and resources that co-occur independently, while more general health symptoms were related only to perceived air pollution. The results have implications for both urban planning and public health.     

中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及影响因素分析

城市建成区绿地建设有利于改善城市环境,提高人居适宜度,优化城市生态系统服务功能。基于2002—2018年建成区绿化覆盖率及影响因子数据分析了中国城市建成区绿化覆盖率变化特征及其主要影响因素,结果表明,(1)中国建成区绿化覆盖率在2018年达到了41.11%,相比2002年增加了11.36%,2018年绿化覆盖率达到了35.0%以上的城市占全国城市的93.55%。(2)中国建成区绿化覆盖率存在明显的区域差异。按照华北、东北、华东、中南、西南和西北六个地区划分中国城市区域,华东地区的城市建成区绿化覆盖率最高,中南地区次之,其余四个地区为华北地区>东北地区>西北地区>西南地区;各地区建成区绿化覆盖率随时间发生显著变化(P<0.05),华北地区绿化覆盖率发生显著变化的城市占比最高达94.60%,中南地区最低为65.88%。(3)建成区绿化覆盖率与城市化指标(地区生产总值GDP、地区人均生产总值PGDP、绿化投入LP、建成区面积BUA、城区面积百分比UAP、建成区面积百分比BUAP、总人口TP、城市人口密度UPD、城区人口UP、建成区人口BUP、城区人口百分比UPP、建成区人口百分比BUPP)和气候因子(年平均温度YT、年平均湿度YH和年降雨量YW)均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),其中PGDP、LI、BUAP、UAP、UPD、BUPP和YT、YW、YH是影响建成区绿化覆盖率的最主要因子。本研究结果可为中国未来城市绿地建设均衡发展提供重要的理论参考依据。     

Prospects for stakeholder coordination by protected‐area managers in Europe

Growing resource demands by humans, invasive species, natural hazards, and a changing climate have created broad‐scale impacts and the need for broader‐extent conservation activities that span ownerships and even political borders. Implementing regional‐scale conservation brings great challenges, and learning how to overcome these challenges is essential for maintaining biodiversity (i.e., richness and evenness of biological communities) and ecosystem functions and services across scales and borders in the face of system change. We administered an online survey to examine factors potentially driving perspectives of protected‐area (PA) managers regarding coordination with neighboring PAs and other stakeholders (i.e., stakeholder coordination) for conserving biodiversity and ecosystem services during the next decade within diverse regions across Europe. Although >70% (n = 58) of responding PA managers indicated that climate change and invasive species are relevant for their PAs, they gave <50% probability that these threats could be mitigated through stakeholder coordination. They thought there was a >60% probability (n = 85) that stakeholder coordination would take place with the aim to improve conservation outcomes. Consistent with the foundation on which many European PAs were established, managers viewed maintaining or enhancing biodiversity as the most important (>70%; n = 61) expected benefit. Other benefits included maintaining or enhancing human resources and environmental education (range of Bayesian credibility intervals [CIs] 57–93%). They thought the main barriers to stakeholder coordination were the lack of human and economic resources (CI 59–67% chance of hindering; n = 64) followed by communication and interstakeholder differences in political structures and laws (CI 51–64% probability of hindering). European policies and strategies that address these hindering factors could be particularly effective means of enabling implementation of green infrastructure networks in which PAs are the nodes.     

不同氨氮填加量下沉水植物对沉积物DOM荧光特性的影响

采用三维荧光光谱技术,模拟研究了不同氨氮添加量(0,100,200和400 mg/kg)下沉水植物对湖泊沉积物DOM(溶解性有机质)荧光特性的影响.结果表明:不同氨氮添加量下,沉水植物的存在明显增强沉积物DOM荧光强度,其中对类蛋白质和类氨基酸组分荧光强度影响较大(荧光强度分别增大了20%～77%和27%～56%);而对类腐殖酸和类富里酸组分影响相对较小(荧光强度分别增大了5%～25%和21%～29%). 添加氨氮可增强沉水植物对沉积物DOM荧光强度影响的程度,当添加量为100 mg/kg时,沉水植物生长最旺盛,沉积物DOM中类蛋白质和类氨基酸组分荧光强度增幅最大(分别约77%和56%);即外源氨氮通过增加沉积物蛋白质和氨基酸含量增强了沉积物有机氮的生物有效性;而在其他添加量下,DOM各荧光组分强度增幅不大,即适当添加外源氨氮,可通过促进沉水植物生长增加沉积物中蛋白质和氨基酸等含量,从而提高沉积物有机氮的生物有效性.