基于IRGA通量箱法的草坪夏季晴天CO_2净交换量日动态

利用红外气体箱式法(Infrared Gas Analyze,IRGA),于2008年8月晴天对福州市马尼拉草坪(Zoysia matrel-la)的生态系统CO2净交换(NEE)和环境因子进行观测,阐明NEE及其组分的昼夜动态变化特征和影响因子。马尼拉草坪NEE的昼夜变化呈现为单峰型曲线,昼间其变化规律较强,夜间呈波动状态。NEE(取绝对值)最大值出现在10:00,最小值出现在16:00左右。太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和气温与NEE的相关性均为极显著(p<0.01),太阳辐射、腔室内空气相对湿度和5cm土壤温度共同解释NEE速率昼夜变异的89.30%。太阳辐射和腔室内空气相对湿度是影响草坪生态系统CO2净交换量日动态的主导环境因子;其中,太阳辐射可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的79.70%,腔室内空气相对湿度可以单独解释NEE速率昼夜变化的50.40%;夏季晴天草坪生态系统在日尺度上表现为净吸收,平均CO2净交换速率为-4.11μmol/(m2.s)(负值表示吸收),平均日总通量为-0.18 mol/(m2.d)。     

The Melting Himalayas: Cascading Effects of Climate Change on Water, Biodiversity, and Livelihoods

Abstract:  The Greater Himalayas hold the largest mass of ice outside polar regions and are the source of the 10 largest rivers in Asia. Rapid reduction in the volume of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is occurring. The cascading effects of rising temperatures and loss of ice and snow in the region are affecting, for example, water availability (amounts, seasonality), biodiversity (endemic species, predator–prey relations), ecosystem boundary shifts (tree-line movements, high-elevation ecosystem changes), and global feedbacks (monsoonal shifts, loss of soil carbon). Climate change will also have environmental and social impacts that will likely increase uncertainty in water supplies and agricultural production for human populations across Asia. A common understanding of climate change needs to be developed through regional and local-scale research so that mitigation and adaptation strategies can be identified and implemented. The challenges brought about by climate change in the Greater Himalayas can only be addressed through increased regional collaboration in scientific research and policy making.     

Effects of Urban Development on Ant Communities: Implications for Ecosystem Services and Management

Abstract:  Research that connects the effects of urbanization on biodiversity and ecosystem services is lacking. Ants perform multifarious ecological functions that stabilize ecosystems and contribute to a number of ecosystem services. We studied responses of ant communities to urbanization in the Lake Tahoe basin by sampling sites along a gradient of urban land development. We sampled ant communities, measured vegetation characteristics, quantified human activities, and evaluated ant-community responses by grouping ants into service-providing units (SPUs), defined as a group of organisms and their populations that perform specific ecosystem services, to provide an understanding of urbanization impacts on biodiversity and their delivery of ecosystem services. Species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate levels of urban development, as did the richness of 3 types of ant SPUs (aerators, decomposers, and compilers). With increasing land development aerator and decomposer ants significantly declined in abundance, whereas compiler ants significantly increased in abundance. Competing models demonstrated that precipitation was frequently among the strongest influences on ant community structure; however, urban development and human activities also had a strong, negative influence on ants, appearing in most models with ΔAIC_c < 2 for species richness and abundance patterns of SPUs and generalists. Response diversity was observed within SPUs, which suggests that the corresponding ecosystem services were maintained until development reached 30–40%. Our data provide evidence that ecosystem functions, such as water infiltration and soil productivity, may be diminished at sites subject to greater levels of urbanization and that conserving ant communities and the ecosystem services they provide could be an important target in land-use planning and conservation efforts.     

水生生态系统中的微生物—金属相互作用

阐述了水生生态系统中的微生物—金属相互作用的3种基本形式,即胞内相互作用,胞表相互作用和胞外相互作用;论述了微生物在水生生态系统中有毒金属的迁移和循环模式中所起的重要作用。      

谈水库移民城镇的环境功能恢复

以四川省二滩水电站淹没影响的盐边县城迁建前后环境状况变化为例 ,提出水库移民安置中应重视淹没实物环境功能的恢复。     

生物多样性、生态平衡与人类可持续发展

生物多样性是由生物及其生存环境共同构成的综合资源,经自然长期演化而来,它不仅地球生物圈的重要组成部分,也是人类赖以生存和发展的宝贵财富。提出将生物多样性保护纳入国家国土资源开发以及全球经济发展与合作规划中。     

Spatial statistics for modeling of abundance and distribution of wildlife species in the Masai Mara ecosystem, Kenya

This study illustrates the use of modern statistical procedures for better wildlife management by addressing three key issues: determination of abundance, modeling of animal distributions and variability of diversity in space and time. Prior information in Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods is used to improve estimates of abundance. Measures of autocorrelation are included when modeling distributions of animal counts, and a diversity index to indicate species abundance and richness for large herbivores is developed. Data from the Masai Mara ecosystem in Kenya are used to develop and demonstrate these procedures. The new abundance estimates are up to 35% more accurate than those obtained by existing methods. Significant temporal changes in spatial patterns are found from a space-time analysis of elephant counts over a 20-year period, with strong interactions over 5 km and 6 months space and time separations, respectively. The new diversity index is sensitive to both high abundance and species richness and is also able to capture year to year variation. It indicates an overall marginal decrease in diversity for large herbivores in the Mara ecosystem. The space-time analyses and diversity index can easily be computed thereby providing tools for rapid decision making.     

海河水生生态系统的研究

本文以调查,分析海河浮游植物,浮游动物,水生维管束植物和大型底栖重托 要生物群落现实结构为主系,系统分析了海河水生生态系统状况,结果表明,水体污染已经对海河水生生态系统产生了明显的有害影响。     

深圳市土地开发和景观生态演变特征分析

本文在探讨深圳市上地资源的利用与开发的基础上,研究分析了其内部景观生态系统类型的结构,功能和组成快速演变的机制和特征。认为深圳市特殊的地理位置,经济发展模式,区位特征和大规模的土地开发是区域景观生态系统类型结构和组成快速演变的根本因素。     

干旱地区土地利用结构变化与生态服务价值的关系研究——以酒泉市为例

利用酒泉市1997-2006年土地利用变更调查数据和相关统计资料,计算土地利用结构异质性指数和生态服务价值,分析土地利用结构与生态服务价值的变化及其相互关系.结果表明:1997-2006年酒泉市耕地、林地、园地面积在增加,其中耕地增加最多,增加了9 803.15hm2,牧草地、水域和未利用地面积不断减小,其中牧草地减少最多,减少了207 470.56 hm2;酒泉市土地利用结构多样性指数和均匀度增加而优势度降低,土地利用趋于多样化和均匀化;各类土地的生态服务价值都有不同程度的增加,土地利用生态服务价值总体呈增加趋势;土地利用生态服务价值与土地利用结构线性相关,通过增加牧草地、水域和耕地等生态用地面积,提高土地利用集约度,调整土地利用结构促进土地利用的多样化、均匀化,可以增加生态系统稳定性和提高生态系统服务功能的经济价值.