Does Soil Acidification Affect Spruce Needle Chemical Composition and Tree Growth?

In 1994, a large survey of soil chemistry was undertaken in thecounty of Värmland in central Sweden (Lundström et al., 1998).The southern part of the county was affected by soilacidification whereas there were no such indications in thenorthern part. To investigate the influence of soil chemistryon the trees at the specific sites, the survey was continued byan analysis of needle chemistry (Norway spruce) which wasundertaken at 150 of the 180 sites, and of tree growth at 65 ofthe 180 sites. Growth was expressed as a ratio between expectedgrowth, estimated with a national, empirical growth model, andthe growth observed in the field. In statistical analyses,using rank correlation, PCA and PLS, there were only weakindications of an influence of soil chemistry on needlechemistry and on tree growth. A moderate correlation betweennitrogen and sulphur in needles was found, which wasinterpreted as an effect of deposition and of processes in thetree canopy. No obvious regional pattern of the growth ratiowas found, in contrast to the clear pattern of soilacidification. The statistical analysis could not with anycertainty point out any of the soil chemistry variables asespecially important for the tree growth ratio.     

郫县灰潮田有效硅含量和小麦施硅效应初探

通过同田对比试验，本文对郫县水稻土小麦施用硅肥进行了初步研究．结果表明，小麦施硅获得了增产效果；施硅对小麦穗粒数、株高和基部节间体积等具有生长效应；郫县水稻土有效硅含量为１２７±３９ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１（ｎ＝１２），变异较大，与土壤粘粒（＜０．００１ｍｍ）呈极显著正相关（ｒ＝０．７９）；发育于第四系岷江灰色冲积母质的郫县水稻上，粘粘含量普遍较低，因此，郫县小麦施硅具有较大增产潜力．     

DYNAMICS OF WETLAND DEVELOPMENT AND RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN LAS VEGAS WASH,NEVADA1

ABSTRACT: This paper examines the co‐evolution of the Las Vegas, Nevada metropolitan area, Las Vegas Wash ecosystem‐a downstream riparian wetland‐and Wash management as a case of urban‐environment dynamics. Since Las Vegas Wash provides the primary drainage for Las Vegas, changes in the urban system lead to changes in the Wash and its ecosystem. The population of the drainage area has grown from approximately 1,000 people in 1900 to more than 1.3 million in 2000. This phenomenal population growth led to increased Wash flow, from less than .03 m³/sec (1 ft³/sec) to over 7.4 m³/sec (260 ft³/sec), and consequent ecological changes from a nearly dry wash to a rich wetland, and now to an eroded system. As the Wash ecosystem changed, valuation of Wash characteristics by residents and resource managers also changed, shifting the focus of management and use, which ultimately led to further ecosystem changes. Reciprocal relationships among human activity, environmental change, and management in this urban area highlight the need for a comprehensive and dynamic systems perspective and adaptive approaches in urban environmental management and make this a particularly compelling case study. This paper describes a conceptual systems framework for adaptive urban‐environment management derived from this case.     

Aerobic treatment of palm oil mill effluent

In this study treatment of palm oil mill effluent (POME) was investigated using aerobic oxidation based on an activated sludge process. The effects of sludge volume index, scum index and mixed liquor suspended solids during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase were investigated in order to ascertain the reactor stability. The efficiency of the activated sludge process was evaluated by treating anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME obtained from Golden Hope Plantations, Malaysia. The treatment of POME was carried out at a fixed biomass concentration of 3900+/-200mg/L, whereas the corresponding sludge volume index was found to be around 105+/-5mL/g. The initial studies on the efficiency of the activated sludge reactor were carried out using diluted raw POME for varying the hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30 and 36h and influent COD concentration, viz: 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000mg/L, respectively. The results showed that at the end of 36h of hydraulic retention time for the above said influent COD, the COD removal efficiencies were found to be 83%, 72%, 64%, 54% and 42% whereas at 24h hydraulic retention time they were 57%, 45%, 38%, 30% and 27%, respectively. The effectiveness of aerobic oxidation was also compared between anaerobically digested and diluted raw POME having corresponding CODs of 3908 and 3925mg/L, for varying hydraulic retention time, viz: 18, 24, 30, 36, 42, 48, 54 and 60h. The dissolved oxygen concentration and pH in the activated sludge reactor were found to be 1.8-2.2mg/L and 7-8.5, respectively. The scum index was found to rise from 0.5% to 1.9% during the acclimatizing phase and biomass build-up phase.     

嘉陵江吻(鱼句)生长和繁殖力研究

本文根据采自嘉陵江合川江段的483尾标本,研究吻(鱼句)的生长和繁殖力,并对其资源的增殖保护和合理利用提出初步意见。     

FINANCING PRIVATE WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT: ANALYSIS OF A STATE LOAN PROGRAM1

ABSTRACT. A State loan program was analyzed for its effects on groundwater development in Wyoming. The analysis focused on the effects of low-interest State financing on the economic feasibility of investments in center-pivot sprinkler irrigation systems. The feasibility analysis indicated that investments in sprinkler systems for production of cash crops are highly profitable, and would frequently be carried out whether or not the State loan program were available. Investments in sprinklers for production of forage crops are perhaps frequently made attractive by the loan program. Thus, while the program appears to have accelerated the pace of private water resource development in Wyoming, it has also subsidized some investments that would have been carried out regardless of the program's existence. Further analysis indicated that sprinkler investments carried out with State financing contribute substantially to firm growth when cast crops are grown, but have less marked, and sometimes negative, effects on growth when forage crops are produced. Some positive effects of the loan program on southeast Wyoming's regional economy were noted, though a complete empirical analysis of regional impacts was beyond the scope of the study.     

人力和物质资本对农业经济增长的空间差异

为探索人力、物质两大资本对我国农业经济增长的作用差异,采用我国31个省份2001—2019年的数据实证分析了我国农业经济增长对两大资本的产出弹性。结果表明:人力、物质两大资本对农业经济的增长均具有显著促进作用,且人力资本作用更大。在差异性方面,东部地区、农业经济发展中等水平的地区受物质资本影响显著;中部地区、农业经济高水平的地区两大资本对农业经济均有显著促进作用,且人力资本作用更强;西部地区、农业发展低水平的地区两大资本对农业经济作用不显著,农业经济增长由物质资本驱动向人力资本驱动转变。     

淀粉废水生产微生物絮凝剂及发酵动力学特征

以淀粉生产废水为原料制备微生物絮凝剂,考察了外加磷酸盐、氮源对微生物絮凝剂产量和絮凝活性的影响,分析了絮凝菌的生长与代谢特征,检测了发酵过程中pH值、COD、氨氮、及总磷的变化规律,分别利用Logistic和Luedeking-Piret模型对絮凝菌生长和代谢产物生成的动力学过程进行了拟合,并探索了微生物絮凝剂对淀粉废水的絮凝沉降性能.结果表明,外加6g/L的磷酸盐（K2HPO4：KH2PO4=2：1,w/w）和2g/L的尿素,所制备微生物絮凝剂的产量和絮凝活性分别显著提高至0.96g/L和92.8%.在对数生长期,菌体干重、细胞浓度OD₆₀₀和菌落数分别迅速增加至1.58g/L、0.86和5.3×10⁷cfu/mL,淀粉废水培养基的COD、氨氮、总磷分别由7836、975、712mg/L迅速降低至1736、188、146mg/L. 絮凝菌发酵结束后,发酵培养基的pH值由6.8略降至6.5.絮凝菌代谢获得的微生物絮凝剂中多糖含量为96.2%,基本不含蛋白质.Logistic和Luedeking-Piret模型的拟合结果能够较好地描述絮凝菌生长和代谢产物生成的动力学过程.此外,本实验制备的微生物絮凝剂在投加量为30mg/L时,能够去除淀粉废水中48.6%的COD和71.9%的浊度.     

过去百年吕梁山南端油松生长特征及其与气候变化的关系

理解树木生长对气候变化和人类活动干扰的响应有助于未来森林管理和双碳政策的落实。本文基于采自吕梁山南端的油松（Pinus tabuliformis Carr.）树轮样本建立了标准树轮宽度年表。通过Pearson相关分析发现树轮年表对研究区3—7月土壤湿度（r=0.60,P<0.01,n=37）、5—6月平均最低温度（r=-0.37,P<0.01,n=63）和5月降水量（r=0.31,P<0.05,n=64）响应敏感,说明水分条件（降水和土壤湿度）是影响研究区油松径向生长的主要限制因子,温度则是通过调控土壤湿度进而影响树木径向生长过程。近百年来（1926—2011年）,研究区油松发生了三次生长释放事件（1932年,1977—1980年,2001—2011年）和一次生长抑制事件（1991—1994年）。生长释放事件在次数、持续时间和发生强度上都高于生长抑制事件。适宜（不适宜）的水热组合能够促进生长释放（抑制）,人类活动干扰也能够诱发生长事件。空间相关分析揭示树轮年表与研究区及周边较大范围的气候环境变化密切相关。本研究对深入了解该地区油松树种生长特征及其对气候与人类活动干扰的...     

降雨对香溪河库湾主要藻种原位生长的影响

为明晰蓄水期降雨对三峡库区香溪河支流主要藻种原位生长的影响因素,本文在三峡水库降雨前后采用原位培养装置(培养笼)对铜绿微囊藻、小球藻和栅藻生物量变化特征进行原位培养实验.结果表明:①研究期间(2017年10月4～18日)降雨期与非降雨期水动力条件存在显著性差异(ANOVA,P 0. 05),降雨期间3种主要藻种Chl-a总量、比生长速率均显著小于非降雨期(ANOVA,P 0. 05),表明降雨对藻类生长起一定的抑制作用;相关分析结果指出,表征垂向掺混的4个水动力参数与3种藻种比生长速率呈显著/极显著负相关关系,表明水动力条件中剪切力τ、垂向紊流黏性系数Vr和垂向紊流扩散系数Vt的改变是导致藻类迅速衰亡的关键因素;②降雨前培养装置内混合层深度较低(1～2 m),降雨后(10月10～18日)混合层深度明显上升(大于5 m),同时降雨期叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度显著低于非降雨期(ANOVA,P 0. 05).相关分析结果表明,光混比与3种藻种的比生长速率呈显著/极显著正相关,表明降雨导致水体垂向扰动增强,混合层不断扩大,打破了水体原有的水温分层从而抑制藻类的生长增殖;③降雨量、水温、光照强度、总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(DTN)在降雨期与非降雨期均存在显著差异(ANOVA,P 0. 05),相关分析表明,降雨带来降雨量、水温、光照强度、总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(DTN)改变是影响3种主要藻种比生长速率的关键环境参数.