Effects of seed aerosols on the growth of secondary organic aerosols from the photooxidation of toluene

Hydroxyl radical （.OH）-initiated photooxidation reaction of toluene was carried out in a self-made smog chamber. Four individual seed aerosols such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate, sodium silicate and calcium chloride, were introduced into the chamber to assess their influence on the growth of secondary organic aerosols （SOA）. It was found that the low concentration of seed aerosols might lead to high concentration of SOA particles. Seed aerosols would promote rates of SOA formation at the start of the reaction and inhibit its formation rate with prolonging the reaction time. In the case of ca. 9000 pt/cm^3 seed aerosol load, the addition of sodium silicate induced a same effect on the SOA formation as ammonium nitrate. The influence of the four individual seed aerosols on the generation of SOA decreased in the order of calcium chloride〉sodium silicate and ammonium nitrate〉ammonium sulfate.     

降雨对香溪河库湾主要藻种原位生长的影响

为明晰蓄水期降雨对三峡库区香溪河支流主要藻种原位生长的影响因素,本文在三峡水库降雨前后采用原位培养装置(培养笼)对铜绿微囊藻、小球藻和栅藻生物量变化特征进行原位培养实验.结果表明:①研究期间(2017年10月4～18日)降雨期与非降雨期水动力条件存在显著性差异(ANOVA,P 0. 05),降雨期间3种主要藻种Chl-a总量、比生长速率均显著小于非降雨期(ANOVA,P 0. 05),表明降雨对藻类生长起一定的抑制作用;相关分析结果指出,表征垂向掺混的4个水动力参数与3种藻种比生长速率呈显著/极显著负相关关系,表明水动力条件中剪切力τ、垂向紊流黏性系数Vr和垂向紊流扩散系数Vt的改变是导致藻类迅速衰亡的关键因素;②降雨前培养装置内混合层深度较低(1～2 m),降雨后(10月10～18日)混合层深度明显上升(大于5 m),同时降雨期叶绿素a(Chl-a)浓度显著低于非降雨期(ANOVA,P 0. 05).相关分析结果表明,光混比与3种藻种的比生长速率呈显著/极显著正相关,表明降雨导致水体垂向扰动增强,混合层不断扩大,打破了水体原有的水温分层从而抑制藻类的生长增殖;③降雨量、水温、光照强度、总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(DTN)在降雨期与非降雨期均存在显著差异(ANOVA,P 0. 05),相关分析表明,降雨带来降雨量、水温、光照强度、总氮(TN)和溶解性总氮(DTN)改变是影响3种主要藻种比生长速率的关键环境参数.     

Growth responses of Picea mongolica seedlings to defoliation rate

Picea mongolica W. D. Xu. is an endemic species in China. The spruce forest is only found in semi-arid habitat in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of China. Based on the simulative defoliation experiment, it was proved that Picea mongolica seedlings had the compensatory and overcompensatory effects under the certain defoliation rate. The results of variance analysis on growth indexes showed that in PM I (natural regeneration seedlings under Picea mongolica forest), the differences of H1 (height in June 23 ) and H2 (height in September 3) were extremely significant, and the difference of D(diameter at the breast height) were not significant. In PM Ⅱ (artificial regeneration seedlings under Betula platyphylla Suk. forest), the difference of H1 was significant, the difference of H2 was not significant, and the difference of D was extremely significant. The regression equations were established and the compensatory and overcompensatory points were obtained. In PM I, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D were 0.7628, 0.7436, 0.5725, and the overcompensatory points were 0.6056, 0.5802 and 0.2909 respectively. In PM Ⅱ, the compensatory points of H1, H2, and D are 0.5012, 0.3421, 0.2488, and the overcompensatory points are 0.4137, 0.2633 and 0.0747 respectively. These results suggested that the induction of compensatory growth mechanisms in spruce seedlings required a threshold level of defoliation, and the insects in Picea mongolica forest could be controlled in a certain de clree.     

能量耗损相关底物消耗对微生物产率的影响

根据底物反应平衡,提出在底物充分的条件下,微生物消耗的底物总量等于微生物生长所利用的量,微生物维持代谢所利用的量及由于能量代谢分离而消耗的量之和,由此,建立了描述在底物充分的条件下,微生物产率与剩余底物浓度相应关系的动力学模型,证明了观测到的产率随剩余底物２的增加而减少的现象,此模型能很好实验数据相符,结果表明随剩余的底物２的增加,微生物的产率可下降７０％左右。     

伺服系统加速可靠性增长试验应用与探讨

加速可靠性增长试验是可靠性试验新的研究方向和应用领域,对于可靠性要求高、任务时间长、产品子样少或价格昂贵的航天产品的可靠性增长和评价工作有良好的实施效果.对加速可靠性增长试验技术的基本原理、应用和实施的必要性、加速应力选取方法和注意事项进行了阐述,结合某型伺服系统加速可靠性增长试验方案设计实例,对传统可靠性增长试验方案...     

Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长及生理效应的影响

用盆栽试验研究了不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜生长和生理效应的影响.结果表明,不同含量Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)对小白菜体生长和生理代谢的影响不尽相同.低含量硒（Se(Ⅳ)<10.0 mg·kg-1、Se(Ⅵ)<5.0 mg·kg-1）能够促进小白菜的生长,使其根变粗, 诱导脯氨酸的产生,阻止丙二醛（MDA）的合成,增强白菜的抗逆性,使其生物量明显提高;高含量硒会抑制小白菜的生长,导致植物体内脯氨酸合成下降,MDA含量增加,叶及根系生长受到抑制,地上和地下部干重显著急速下降（p<0.01）.小白菜根长、叶面积等生长指标均随Se(Ⅳ)和Se(Ⅵ)含量的增大而显著下降（p<0.01）;抑制小白菜根系生长的Se(Ⅳ)含量为60 mg·kg-1,明显高于Se(Ⅵ)含量（20.0 mg·kg-1）.相同硒含量下,Se(Ⅳ)处理的小白菜地上部干重为Se(Ⅵ)的1.1~3.0倍,说明本试验条件下Se(Ⅵ)的生物有效性和毒性均大于Se(Ⅳ).Se(Ⅵ)处理小白菜地上部分的硒含量显著高于地下部分,而Se(Ⅳ)处理小白菜地下部分的硒含量显著高于地上部分,小白菜地上和地下部分对Se(Ⅵ)的吸收量均显著高于Se(Ⅳ).综合生长和生理因子分析表明,地上部分生物量是反映Se(Ⅳ)及Se(Ⅵ)处理土壤上小白菜生长状况的理想指标.     

重金属Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

通过测定翅碱蓬生长和生理指标,研究了不同含量Zn和Cd对翅碱蓬的发芽率、苗高、苗重、体内超氧阴离子自由基(O-2)、过氧化氢(H2O2)的产生及对抗氧化酶(超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD)活性的影响,以探讨盐生植物翅碱蓬对重金属胁迫的反应.结果表明,两种重金属均不同程度地加快了超氧阴离子自由基的产生速率;翅碱蓬对Zn胁迫的耐受阈值为100 mg·kg-1,Zn含量低于100 mg·kg-1时,发芽率和苗高、苗重保持良好;含量高于100 mg·kg-1实验组,翅碱蓬生长及体内酶活性机制受到不同程度抑制,SOD 、POD反应迅速,CAT相对缓慢.翅碱蓬对Cd污染抵御能力差,含量高于0.4 mg·kg-l即可造成严重伤害,阻碍翅碱蓬生长,降低抗氧化酶活性.Zn和Cd共同作用(200 mg·kg-1 +0.2 mg·kg-1)时,表现为协同作用,发芽率仅为对照组的50.5％、苗重仅为49.2％,实验50 d后,SOD、CAT均失活,影响极显著.     

Low-carbon transition of iron and steel industry in China: Carbon intensity, economic growth and policy intervention

As the biggest iron and steel producer in the world and one of the highest CO₂ emission sectors, China's iron and steel industry is undergoing a low-carbon transition accompanied by remarkable technological progress and investment adjustment, in response to the macroeconomic climate and policy intervention. Many drivers of the CO₂ emissions of the iron and steel industry have been explored, but the relationships between CO₂ abatement, investment and technological expenditure, and their connections with the economic growth and governmental policies in China, have not been conjointly and empirically examined. We proposed a concise conceptual model and an econometric model to investigate this crucial question. The results of regression, Granger causality test and impulse response analysis indicated that technological expenditure can significantly reduce CO₂ emissions, and that investment expansion showed a negative impact on CO₂ emission reduction. It was also argued with empirical evidence that a good economic situation favored CO₂ abatement in China's iron and steel industry, while achieving CO₂ emission reduction in this industrial sector did not necessarily threaten economic growth. This shed light on the dispute over balancing emission cutting and economic growth. Regarding the policy aspects, the year 2000 was found to be an important turning point for policy evolution and the development of the iron and steel industry in China. The subsequent command and control policies had a significant, positive effect on CO₂ abatement.     

CO2/pH对三种藻生长及光合作用的影响

研究了在不同pH值和不同溶解性无机碳(DIC)浓度下太湖中惠氏微囊藻、四尾栅藻和菱形藻的生长和光合作用特征.研究表明, CO2/pH对3种藻的影响明显不同.惠氏微囊藻生长的最适pH值为8.0～9.0,pH7.0～9.0时具有较高的光合作用速率;四尾栅藻在偏酸性和偏碱性环境水体中均能较好生长,在本实验的pH值范围内均具有较高的光合作用速率;四尾栅藻在偏酸性和偏碱性环境水体中均能较好生长,在本实验的pH值范围内都具有较高的光合作用速率;菱形藻生长的最适pH值为7.0左右,在此pH值下光合作用速率也最高.惠氏微囊藻的K0.5(DIC)略小于四尾栅藻和菱形藻,表明对外源无机碳的亲合力要略大于四尾栅藻和菱形藻;但当DIC浓度达到饱和时,惠氏微囊藻和四尾栅藻的最大光合作用速率要远大于菱形藻.     

成都颗粒物吸湿增长特征及订正方法研究

利用2013年6月—2014年5月成都市人民南路四段逐时PM_(2.5)质量浓度、大气能见度监测资料及同期温江站相对湿度观测数据,分析了该区域相对湿度对大气消光系数的影响,探讨了消光系数湿度订正方法的原理和技术流程.结果表明:针对细颗粒物而言,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数在相对湿度为40%时存在突变(通过了α=0.05的信度检验),当相对湿度小于40%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数呈现平稳波动的特征;而当相对湿度介于40%~90%时,平均单位质量“湿”消光系数增长趋势明显;现有的湿度订正方法未能在成都地区起到相应的订正效果;单位质量“湿”消光系数直观上表现为非平稳随机序列,基于单位质量“湿”消光系数和单位质量“干”消光系数在统计意义下应具有一致性的原则,从不确定性分析的角度提出了消光系数湿度订正的新方法,取得了令人满意的结果.