"脱钩"评价模式及其对循环经济的影响

主要介绍西方研究经济增长与物质消耗关系的“脱钩”理论的两种主流评价模式：IU曲线和总量研究。通过对它们评价手段、评价过程的进一步比较、分析，作乾提出从理论推导和实际应用需求两方面看，利用IU曲线评价“脱钩”都存在一定的缺陷，应该对总量研究的评价模式给予更多关注，才能更深刻地体现循环经济实施过程中对可循环利用资源的需求迫切性。     

氮限制对三种赤潮藻生长以及种间竞争效应的影响

为了了解不同类别的赤潮藻类对氮(N)限制的响应,在实验室单独培养以及混合培养条件下,研究了N限制对3种典型赤潮微藻(中肋骨条藻、锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻)生长的影响.结果显示,N限制对3种赤潮藻类的生长均具有明显影响,其中中肋骨条藻对N限制较为敏感.混合培养体系中,藻细胞生长同时还受到种间竞争的明显抑制;而在3种藻混合培养条件下,种间竞争成为了藻细胞生长的决定性因素,锥状斯氏藻和海洋卡盾藻能对中肋骨条藻的生长能产生协同抑制作用.锥状斯氏藻是一种可形成孢囊的种类,N限制和种间竞争能促进其孢囊的提前形成,并且种间竞争能显著提高孢囊的形成率.     

龙须菜对赤潮异弯藻和海洋原甲藻的生长抑制效应

在实验室条件下,利用共培养系统,研究了龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)对赤潮异弯藻(Heterosigma akashiwo)和海洋原甲藻(Prorocentrum micans)的生长抑制效应。结果显示,龙须菜对两赤潮藻的生长均产生抑制作用,且随着起始密度的增加,抑制作用增强。高密度龙须菜组使赤潮异弯藻在实验进行6 d后接近全部死亡,海洋原甲藻的细胞数量在实验进行6 d后呈下降趋势。然而,两赤潮藻与龙须菜之间的营养竞争对龙须菜的生长也产生了一定影响,其中海洋原甲藻的竞争作用较强,而赤潮异弯藻的竞争作用较弱。此外,龙须菜水溶性抽提液经高温煮沸后对赤潮异弯藻无抑制作用,甚至能促进其生长,而未经煮沸的抽提液对其有一定的抑制作用,但抑制作用相对鲜组织较弱。     

徐州冬季雾-霾天颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性变化特征

为研究徐州冬季雾-霾天气形成过程中颗粒物粒径及气溶胶光学特性的变化特征,分析了2014年12月1日～2015年2月28日徐州大气颗粒物质量浓度（PM₁₀、PM_2.5、PM₁）、数浓度（0～1μm、1～2.5μm、2.5～10μm）和气溶胶光学特性等数据.结果表明：0～1μm粒径范围细颗粒物的大量增多是引发徐州冬季雾-霾天气的主要因素,徐州冬季地面风速小（静风或轻风天气）,较高的大气相对湿度对雾-霾的形成和维持起着重要影响作用.持续时间较长的雾霾天气,因颗粒物吸湿增长和水汽附着,1～10μm粒径范围大气颗粒物在雾霾时段易发生沉降而减少,后随相对湿度降低雾霾转为短时间的霾天气,1～10μm颗粒物数浓度大幅上升.徐州冬季500nm波段AOD_total和AOD_{fine mode}具有相同的变化趋势,雾-霾日AOD_total和AOD_{fine mode}显著高于非霾日.AOD_{fine mode}与AOD_{coarse mode}的比值雾-霾日亦明显高于非霾日,而且在雾-霾日Angstrom波长指数主要集中在1～1.6,表明徐州冬季雾-霾时段大气中细颗粒物为主控粒子.     

Measuring and decomposing changes in agricultural productivity, nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy efficiency: Application to OECD agriculture

This paper uses an aggregate quantity space to decompose the temporal changes in nitrogen use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency into changes of Moorsteen-Bjurek (MB) Total Factor Productivity (TFP) changes and changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents. Changes in productivity can be broken into technical change and changes in various efficiency measures such as technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency. Changes in the aggregate nitrogen and cumulative exergy contents can be driven by changes in the quality of inputs and outputs and changes in the mixes of inputs and outputs. Also with cumulative exergy content analysis, changes in the efficiency in input production can increase or decrease the cumulative exergy transformity of agricultural production. The empirical study in 30 member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation Development from 1990 to 2003 yielded some important findings. The production technology progressed but there were reductions in technical efficiency, scale efficiency and residual mix efficiency levels. This result suggests that the production frontier had shifted up but there existed lags in the responses of member countries to the technological change. Given TFP growth, improvements in nutrient use efficiency and cumulative exergy use efficiency were counteracted by reductions in the changes of the aggregate nitrogen contents ratio and aggregate cumulative exergy contents ratio. The empirical results also confirmed that different combinations of inputs and outputs as well as the quality of inputs and outputs could have more influence on the growth of nutrient and cumulative exergy use efficiency than factors that had driven productivity change.     

地方环境约束目标对经济增长的影响效应

从2003~2017年中国283个地级市的政府工作报告中,收集了各年度各城市的环境保护约束目标,考察了各类环境约束目标对经济增长的影响.研究发现,对于SO₂等工业污染物的直接约束能够在促使政府提升环境治理力度的同时,释放经济增长红利;关于空气质量优良天数和PM_2.5浓度的间接约束不足以刺激污染型企业转型,且导致经济增长速度放缓.无环境约束将产生正向经济增长效应,但会以环境污染为代价.中间机制检验结果显示,产业结构和环境治理是环境约束影响经济增长的主要传导渠道.在环境保护约束的特征方面,约束目标“加码”将抑制经济增长,设定污染物减排区间更有利于发挥经济增长效应.经济与环境协调度方面,对环境污染物设定约束目标有助于促进经济与环境协调发展,无约束则不利于经济增长和环境保护双重目标的实现.地方政府应在明确设定污染物排放目标的基础上,遵循渐进原则对环境保护约束目标进行调整.     

Confined placental mosaicism in CVS and pregnancy outcome

The perinatal outcome of 26 patients with confined placental mosaicism (CPM) detected in chorionic villus sampling (CVS) who wished to continue their pregnancies was compared with that of two controls per patient matched for age and parity (n=52). There were no significant differences in birth weight or gestational age at delivery between patients with CPM and controls. There were no cases of intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) in the CPM patients as compared with two (2/52, 3·8 per cent) in the control group (P>0·05). There was no significant increase in fetal loss between the study group (1/26, 3·6 per cent) and the controls (1/52, 1·9 per cent) (P>0·05).     

Detecting Density Dependence in Recovering Seal Populations

Time series of abundance estimates are commonly used for analyses of population trends and possible shifts in growth rate. We investigate if trends in age composition can be used as an alternative to abundance estimates for detection of decelerated population growth. Both methods were tested under two forms of density dependence and different levels of environmental variation in simulated time series of growth in Baltic gray seals. Under logistic growth, decelerating growth could be statistically confirmed after 16 years based on population counts and 14 years based on age composition. When density dependence sets in first at larger population sizes, the age composition method performed dramatically better than population counts, and a decline could be detected after 4 years (versus 10 years). Consequently, age composition analysis provides a complementary method to detect density dependence, particularly in populations where density dependence sets in late.     

不同季节中水回用于景观水体的藻类增长模拟

文章基于wASP的富营养化模型,模拟了在各季节中水回用于城市景观水体时,不同水质和换水周期条件下叶绿素a峰值和平衡浓度的变化情况.模拟结果表明:(1)在中水水质和换水周期一定时,水华风险在夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小;(2)在夏季和春秋季节,叶绿素a平衡浓度随着换水周期的减小先升高后降低;并且当换水周期小于3天时,减...     

水体底质中磷对菹草生长的影响

通过5个含磷质量分数不同的底质内菹草的生长试验,研究了水体底质中含磷质量分数的单因子差异对菹草生长的影响.结果表明,含磷质量分数≤2.0 g/kg的底质中菹草在试验期间均正常生长,含磷质量分数的增加对菹草生物量的累积和平均株高的增长起促进作用;当底质中含磷质量分数达到2.5 g/kg,从试验中期(21 d)开始,菹草正...