水电大坝扰动与栖息地质量变化——以漫湾电站为例

分析了水电大坝建设对栖息地影响的原理和时空特征,在此基础上选取了水电大坝对栖息地影响的主要指标,建立了大坝对上游库区和坝下栖息地影响的评价指标体系.并以云南省澜沧江干流上的漫湾电站为例,通过对漫湾电站建坝前后各个栖息地指标变化率的分析和集成,探讨了漫湾电站的建设和运营对库区和坝下栖息地的影响,并确定了影响强度.研究结果表明,漫湾大坝对上游栖息地的髟响强度值为0.53,对下游栖息地的影响强度值为0.37,即短期时间内,对上游库区栖息地的影响大于对坝下栖息地的影响;对上游栖息地影响最大的是栖息地连续性(1.00)和栖息地面积(0.58);对下游栖息地影响最大的是栖息地连续性(0.68)和稳定性(0.65).     

Current practices in the identification of critical habitat for threatened species

The term critical habitat is used to describe the subset of habitat that is essential to the survival and recovery of species. Some countries legally require that critical habitat of listed threatened and endangered species be identified and protected. However, there is little evidence to suggest that the identification of critical habitat has had much impact on species recovery. We hypothesized that this may be due at least partly to a mismatch between the intent of critical habitat identification, which is to protect sufficient habitat for species persistence and recovery, and its practice. We used content analysis to systematically review critical habitat documents from the United States, Canada, and Australia. In particular, we identified the major trends in type of information used to identify critical habitat and in occupancy of habitat identified as critical. Information about population viability was used to identify critical habitat for only 1% of the species reviewed, and for most species, designated critical habitat did not include unoccupied habitat. Without reference to population viability, it is difficult to determine how much of a species’ occupied and unoccupied habitat will be required for persistence. We therefore conclude that the identification of critical habitat remains inconsistent with the goal of protecting sufficient habitat to support persistence and recovery of the species. Ensuring that critical habitat identification aligns more closely with its intent will improve the accuracy of the designations and may therefore help improve the benefits to species recovery when combined with adequate implementation and enforcement of legal protections.     

上海青浦区不同用地类型河流滨岸带生境及植物群落组成

按照工业用地、农业用地、交通用地、居住用地、绿地和荒地等6类不同用地类型,于上海青浦区选取河流滨岸带样点48个,研究不同用地类型对滨岸带生境及植物群落组成的影响。研究发现：(1)目前该地区河流滨岸带生境优劣程度为：荒地>绿地>农业用地>交通用地>居住区>工业用地。这主要是由于在不同用地类型下人们对河岸类型、滨岸带几何形态以及原有植被的影响所造成。(2)目前该地区河流滨岸带有植物51科118种,平均丰富度水平绿地最高,工业用地最低。从植物的生活型与来源方面看,6类用地类型下的河流滨岸带植物群落组成存在显著差异。工业用地受人为影响强度较大,外来入侵植物比例高达27.22%;农业用地草本平均数量11.75种,为6类用地类型中最高水平;交通用地与居住用地表现出较大人工引种植物比例,分别为37.77%和49.97%;绿地有相对均衡的乔灌草比例,人工引种植物占所有植物的64.05%;荒地缺乏乔木与灌木类型,自然分布植物比例最高,为69.94%。
     

泥曲河道内最小生态需水研究

生态需水研究是水资源开发和可持续利用中不可缺少的部分,目前计算河流生态需水的方法极多。从保护生物多样性的角度出发,结合河道断面和河道内生物信息,建立生物栖息地指标与流量之间的关系。生物栖息地指标包括：平均流速、水面宽、平均水深、湿周、过水断面面积、水力半径以及加权可利用栖息地面积(WUA)等,综合这些栖息地指标与流量的关系确定南水北调西线工程调水区泥曲河道内最小生态需水,为南水北调西线一期工程可调水量提供参考。结果表明,利用流速、水深、过水断面面积和水力半径确定河道最小生态需水
小于多年平均流量的10%,利用水面宽、湿周、WUA等计算的结果分别是多年平均流量的56%、48%和32%。最终确定泥曲泥柯站河道内最小生态需水为193 m3/s,朱巴站最小生态需水为298 m3/s,位于Tennant法计算结果的“较好范围”生态需水等级,可以对河流栖息地提供比较好的保护。     

近40 a秦岭生境质量时空变化特征及驱动机制

运用InVEST模型,研究秦岭生境质量时空变化及驱动机制,以期为秦岭生态文明建设与秦岭区域可持续发展提供理论依据。结果表明：秦岭土地利用方式以林地和草地为主,主要分布于中、西部,耕地与建设用地主要分布在东、南部。人类对秦岭干扰程度在2000年后开始增加,土地利用变幅超过总面积的2%。1980年、1990年、2000年、2010年、2020年,秦岭的平均生境质量（范围0—?1）分别为0.7592、0.7594、0.7586、0.7585、0.7617,均处于“较高”等级。空间分布上,秦岭生境质量中、西部等级高,而东、南部等级低。在像元尺度上,秦岭生境质量较为稳定,显著变化的区域面积仅为2.74%。显著升高的区域主要集中在西南部略阳、勉县等区县,显著降低的区域主要集中在东部的洛南、商州等区县。秦岭的生境质量表现出显著的空间集聚特征,21世纪后,秦岭高质量生境集聚区域面积扩张,低质量的生境集聚区域面积降低。土地利用程度是影响秦岭生境质量最大的驱动因子,与之呈现显著的负相关关系,且影响范围分布于全域。秦岭生境质量的降低源于人类活动引起生境威胁源——建设用地与耕地的扩张,而生境质量的升高可能源于...     

Demographic Stability Metrics for Conservation Prioritization of Isolated Populations

Abstract:  Systems of geographically isolated habitat patches house species that occur naturally as small, disjunct populations. Many of these species are of conservation concern, particularly under the interacting influences of isolation and rapid global change. One potential conservation strategy is to prioritize the populations most likely to persist through change and act as sources for future recolonization of less stable localities. We propose an approach to classify long-term population stability (and, presumably, future persistence potential) with composite demographic metrics derived from standard population-genetic data. Stability metrics can be related to simple habitat measures for a straightforward method of classifying localities to inform conservation management. We tested these ideas in a system of isolated desert headwater streams with mitochondrial sequence data from 16 populations of a flightless aquatic insect. Populations exhibited a wide range of stability scores, which were significantly predicted by dry-season aquatic habitat size. This preliminary test suggests strong potential for our proposed method of classifying isolated populations according to persistence potential. The approach is complementary to existing methods for prioritizing local habitats according to diversity patterns and should be tested further in other systems and with additional loci to inform composite demographic stability scores.     

基于HSI 模型的印度洋大眼金枪鱼栖息地研究

根据日本商业性金枪鱼延绳钓生产数据,应用栖息地指数模型(HSI)和地理信息系统(GIS)图形显示技术对印度洋大眼金枪鱼的栖息地分布进行研究.研究结果表明:印度洋大眼金枪鱼最适合栖息的海域主要集中在70°E以东,15°S以北印度洋海域,栖息地指数值在0.75～1.00;而20°E～50°E,30°S～40°S海域以及65°E～120°E,20°S～40°S之间大部分海域的大眼金枪鱼HSI指数集中在0.25～0.50之间;其余海域的大眼金枪鱼HSI指数均分布在0.50～0.75之间.     

Behavioral Assumptions of Conservation Policy: Conserving Oak Habitat on Family-Forest Land in the Willamette Valley, Oregon

Abstract:  Designing policies that harness the motivations of landowners is essential for conserving threatened habitats on private lands. Our goal was to understand how to apply ethnographic information about family-forest owners to the design of conservation policy for Oregon white oak (Quercus garryana) in the Willamette Valley, Oregon (U.S.A.). We examined owners' knowledge, beliefs, values, and socioeconomic contexts through in-depth individual and focus-group interviews to understand their motivations to conserve oak. We then used Schneider and Ingram's (1990) policy analysis framework to compare owners' motivations to the logic of policy. Owners had complex motivations for conserving oak. Despite this complexity, all 5 categories of policy that Schneider and Ingram describe hold promise. Policies that use symbolism to inspire behavior and policies that build capacity can harness owners' stewardship ethics and moral obligations. Policies that offer tangible rewards can build on owners' utilitarian motives. Policies that permit and prohibit behavior can tap owners' concerns about rule violations. Policies that promote voluntary, collaborative efforts can accommodate owners' need for autonomy and flexibility.     

Effects of Future Infrastructure Development on Threat Status and Occurrence of Amazonian Birds

Abstract:  Researchers predict that new infrastructure development will sharply increase the rate and extent of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. There are no predictions, however, of which species it will affect. We used a spatially explicit model that predicts the location of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon by 2020 on the basis of historical patterns of deforestation following infrastructure development. We overlaid the predicted deforested areas onto maps of bird ranges to estimate the amount of habitat loss within species ranges. We also estimated the amount of habitat loss within modified ecoregions, which were used as surrogates for areas of bird endemism. We then used the extent of occurrence criterion of the World Conservation Union to predict the future conservation status of birds in the Brazilian Amazon. At current rates of development, our results show that at least 16 species will qualify as threatened or will lose more than half of their forested habitat. We also identified several subspecies and isolated populations that would also qualify as threatened. Most of the taxa we identified are not currently listed as threatened, and the majority are associated with riverine habitats, which have been largely ignored in bird conservation in Amazonia. These habitats and the species they hold will be increasingly relevant to conservation as river courses are altered and hydroelectric dams are constructed in the Brazilian Amazon.