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101.
青藏高原典型高寒草甸区土壤有机碳氮的变异特性 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
本研究应用地统计学的基本原理与方法(半方差分析)对青藏高原典型高寒草甸区0~10 cm土壤有机碳和全氮空间变异性进行了分析.结果表明,0~10 cm的土壤有机碳和全氮的平均含量分别为11.45 g·kg-1和1.02 g·kg-1,平均变异系数分别为0.23和0.21,反映出该植被区土壤肥力较为贫瘠.土壤有机碳和全氮随机因素的变异占总空间异质性变异的比率分别为44.7%和49.9%,变异尺度分别为210.9 m和200.1 m,随机因素的影响主要发生在采样尺度<10 m的范围之内.在该研究区域上土壤有机碳和全氮均表现出空间自相关因素大于随机因素的变异格局;在空间结构的变异上,由土壤内在属性如土壤矿物质、地形等空间自相关因素和人为因素如放牧及工程施工等对土壤表层的践踏引起的随机因素共同起作用,影响程度呈中等水平. 相似文献
102.
Introduction: Reducing the severity of crashes is a top priority for safety researchers due to its impact on saving human lives. Because of safety concerns posed by large trucks and the high rate of fatal large truck-involved crashes, an exploration into large truck-involved crashes could help determine factors that are influential in crash severity. The current study focuses on large truck-involved crashes to predict influencing factors on crash injury severity. Method: Two techniques have been utilized: Random Parameter Binary Logit (RPBL) and Support Vector Machine (SVM). Models have been developed to estimate: (1) multivehicle (MV) truck-involved crashes, in which large truck drivers are at fault, (2) MV track-involved crashes, in which large truck drivers are not at fault and (3) and single-vehicle (SV) large truck crashes. Results: Fatigue and deviation to the left were found as the most important contributing factors that lead to fatal crashes when the large truck-driver is at fault. Outcomes show that there are differences among significant factors between RPBL and SVM. For instance, unsafe lane-changing was significant in all three categories in RPBL, but only SV large truck crashes in SVM. Conclusions: The outcomes showed the importance of the complementary approaches to incorporate both parametric RPBL and non-parametric SVM to identify the main contributing factors affecting the severity of large truck-involved crashes. Also, the results highlighted the importance of categorization based on the at-fault party. Practical Applications: Unrealistic schedules and expectations of trucking companies can cause excessive stress for the large truck drivers, which could leads to further neglect of their fatigue. Enacting and enforcing comprehensive regulations regarding large truck drivers’ working schedules and direct and constant surveillance by authorities would significantly decrease large truck-involved crashes. 相似文献
103.
L.L. Smith A.L. Subalusky C.L. Atkinson J.E. Earl D.M. Mushet D.E. Scott S.L. Lance S.A. Johnson 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2019,55(2):334-353
Many species that inhabit seasonally ponded wetlands also rely on surrounding upland habitats and nearby aquatic ecosystems for resources to support life stages and to maintain viable populations. Understanding biological connectivity among these habitats is critical to ensure that landscapes are protected at appropriate scales to conserve species and ecosystem function. Biological connectivity occurs across a range of spatial and temporal scales. For example, at annual time scales many organisms move between seasonal wetlands and adjacent terrestrial habitats as they undergo life‐stage transitions; at generational time scales, individuals may disperse among nearby wetlands; and at multigenerational scales, there can be gene flow across large portions of a species’ range. The scale of biological connectivity may also vary among species. Larger bodied or more vagile species can connect a matrix of seasonally ponded wetlands, streams, lakes, and surrounding terrestrial habitats on a seasonal or annual basis. Measuring biological connectivity at different spatial and temporal scales remains a challenge. Here we review environmental and biological factors that drive biological connectivity, discuss implications of biological connectivity for animal populations and ecosystem processes, and provide examples illustrating the range of spatial and temporal scales across which biological connectivity occurs in seasonal wetlands. 相似文献
104.
定量研究水生生物对水环境参数的适宜值是评估栖息地质量和维持生物完整性的主要途径. 以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,选择Y(优势度指数)大于0.000 1的硅藻为研究对象,结合水环境参数,采用CCA(典范对应分析)、CART(分类回归树)和WA(加权平均回归分析)等方法,分析硅藻与水环境因子的关系,并计算硅藻对驱动因子的最适值. CCA结果表明,IOS(底质指数)、ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(CODMn)是硅藻群落的驱动因子;CART预测结果表明,IOS高的水环境硅藻密度高于IOS低的水环境,ρ(TDS)和ρ(CODMn)低的水环境硅藻密度高于ρ(TDS)和ρ(CODMn)高的水环境;WA结果显示,96种硅藻对IOS、ρ(TDS)和ρ(CODMn)的最适值范围分别为1.00~6.44、60.29~820.30 mg/L和0.46~2.89 mg/L. 钝端菱形藻解剖刀变种和尖端菱形藻适宜栖息于IOS较低而ρ(CODMn)较高的水环境, Gomphonema trancatum和肿大桥弯藻则适宜栖息于IOS较高的水环境;缠结异极藻二叉变种和尖细异极藻适宜栖息于ρ(TDS)较高的水环境,弧形峨眉藻和克洛钝脆杆藻则适宜栖息于ρ(TDS)较低的水环境;弧形峨眉藻和隐头舟形藻威蓝变种适宜栖息于ρ(CODMn)较低的水环境. 针杆藻和桥弯藻对IOS的最适值高于舟形藻和菱形藻以及其他藻种,96种硅藻对ρ(TDS)和ρ(CODMn)的最适值均表现为菱形藻和异极藻较高、针杆藻和桥弯藻较低. 相似文献
105.
/ Numerous drainages supporting productive salmon habitat are surrounded by active volcanoes on the west side of Cook Inlet in south-central Alaska. Eruptions have caused massive quantities of flowing water and sediment to enter the river channels emanating from glaciers and snowfields on these volcanoes. Extensive damage to riparian and aquatic habitat has commonly resulted, and benthic macroinvertebrate and salmonid communities can be affected. Because of the economic importance of Alaska's fisheries, detrimental effects on salmonid habitat can have significant economic implications. The Drift River drains glaciers on the northern and eastern flanks of Redoubt Volcano. During and following eruptions in 1989-1990, severe physical disturbances to the habitat features of the river adversely affected the fishery. Frequent eruptions at other Cook Inlet region volcanoes exemplify the potential effects of volcanic activity on Alaska's important commercial, sport, and subsistence fisheries. Few studies have documented the recovery of aquatic habitat following volcanic eruptions. The eruptions of Redoubt Volcano in 1989-1990 offered an opportunity to examine the recovery of the macroinvertebrate community. Macroinvertebrate community composition and structure in the Drift River were similar in both undisturbed and recently disturbed sites. Additionally, macroinvertebrate samples from sites in nearby undisturbed streams were highly similar to those from some Drift River sites. This similarity and the agreement between the Drift River macroinvertebrate community composition and that predicted by a qualitative model of typical macroinvertebrate communities in glacier-fed rivers indicate that the Drift River macroinvertebrate community is recovering five years after the disturbances associated with the most recent eruptions of Redoubt Volcano. KEY WORDS: Aquatic habitat; Volcanoes; Lahars; Lahar-runout flows; Macroinvertebrates; Community structure; Community composition; Taxonomic similarity 相似文献
106.
107.
Alexandrine Daniel Paul Savary Jean-Christophe Foltête Aurélie Khimoun Bruno Faivre Anthony Ollivier Cyril Éraud Hervé Moal Gilles Vuidel Stéphane Garnier 《Conservation biology》2023,37(3):e14047
Habitat connectivity is a key objective of current conservation policies and is commonly modeled by landscape graphs (i.e., sets of habitat patches [nodes] connected by potential dispersal paths [links]). These graphs are often built based on expert opinion or species distribution models (SDMs) and therefore lack empirical validation from data more closely reflecting functional connectivity. Accordingly, we tested whether landscape graphs reflect how habitat connectivity influences gene flow, which is one of the main ecoevolutionary processes. To that purpose, we modeled the habitat network of a forest bird (plumbeous warbler [Setophaga plumbea]) on Guadeloupe with graphs based on expert opinion, Jacobs’ specialization indices, and an SDM. We used genetic data (712 birds from 27 populations) to compute local genetic indices and pairwise genetic distances. Finally, we assessed the relationships between genetic distances or indices and cost distances or connectivity metrics with maximum-likelihood population-effects distance models and Spearman correlations between metrics. Overall, the landscape graphs reliably reflected the influence of connectivity on population genetic structure; validation R2 was up to 0.30 and correlation coefficients were up to 0.71. Yet, the relationship among graph ecological relevance, data requirements, and construction and analysis methods was not straightforward because the graph based on the most complex construction method (species distribution modeling) sometimes had less ecological relevance than the others. Cross-validation methods and sensitivity analyzes allowed us to make the advantages and limitations of each construction method spatially explicit. We confirmed the relevance of landscape graphs for conservation modeling but recommend a case-specific consideration of the cost-effectiveness of their construction methods. We hope the replication of independent validation approaches across species and landscapes will strengthen the ecological relevance of connectivity models. 相似文献
108.
Conservation decisions are invariably made with incomplete data on species’ distributions, habitats, and threats, but frameworks for allocating conservation investments rarely account for missing data. We examined how explicit consideration of missing data can boost return on investment in ecosystem restoration, focusing on the challenge of restoring aquatic ecosystem connectivity by removing dams and road crossings from rivers. A novel way of integrating the presence of unmapped barriers into a barrier optimization model was developed and applied to the U.S. state of Maine to maximize expected habitat gain for migratory fish. Failing to account for unmapped barriers during prioritization led to nearly 50% lower habitat gain than was anticipated using a conventional barrier optimization approach. Explicitly acknowledging that data are incomplete during project selection, however, boosted expected habitat gains by 20–273% on average, depending on the true number of unmapped barriers. Importantly, these gains occurred without additional data. Simply acknowledging that some barriers were unmapped, regardless of their precise number and location, improved conservation outcomes. Given incomplete data on ecosystems worldwide, our results demonstrate the value of accounting for data shortcomings during project selection. 相似文献
109.
Jacob A. Zwart Samantha K. Oliver William David Watkins Jeffrey M. Sadler Alison P. Appling Hayley R. Corson-Dosch Xiaowei Jia Vipin Kumar Jordan S. Read 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2023,59(2):317-337
Deep learning (DL) models are increasingly used to make accurate hindcasts of management-relevant variables, but they are less commonly used in forecasting applications. Data assimilation (DA) can be used for forecasts to leverage real-time observations, where the difference between model predictions and observations today is used to adjust the model to make better predictions tomorrow. In this use case, we developed a process-guided DL and DA approach to make 7-day probabilistic forecasts of daily maximum water temperature in the Delaware River Basin in support of water management decisions. Our modeling system produced forecasts of daily maximum water temperature with an average root mean squared error (RMSE) from 1.1 to 1.4°C for 1-day-ahead and 1.4 to 1.9°C for 7-day-ahead forecasts across all sites. The DA algorithm marginally improved forecast performance when compared with forecasts produced using the process-guided DL model alone (0%–14% lower RMSE with the DA algorithm). Across all sites and lead times, 65%–82% of observations were within 90% forecast confidence intervals, which allowed managers to anticipate probability of exceedances of ecologically relevant thresholds and aid in decisions about releasing reservoir water downstream. The flexibility of DL models shows promise for forecasting other important environmental variables and aid in decision-making. 相似文献
110.
平原丘陵过渡带土壤有机碳空间分布及环境影响 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
为定量分析景观过渡带中土壤有机碳空间分布及环境影响,将环境因子纳入空间自回归模型与地理加权回归模型分析比较,并以普通最小二乘回归模型作对照.结果表明:土壤性质指标中,容重及有效铁与土壤有机碳存在极显著相关关系;地形及区位因子中,纬度、高程、坡度、粗糙度等稳定性因素与土壤有机碳存在极显著相关关系;土壤有机碳的局部集聚性多发生在核心景观过渡带;空间回归模型的拟合优度均优于普通最小二乘回归模型,估计值的空间自相关变化趋势与实测值一致,残差的空间模式显著减弱;能够灵活调整权函数与带宽的地理加权回归模型能够更好地分析土壤有机碳的空间变异.模型评价方面,GWR-1和GWR-2的残差平方和较OLS分别降低了20.717%和8.799%; SLM、SEM、GWR-1、GWR-2的AIC值较OLS分别减小了5.108、5.391、19.887和11.751.除本身存在的空间自相关外,模型中土壤性质指标及环境因子能大幅解释土壤有机碳的异质性.本研究引入辅助变量,运用空间回归模型分析了平原丘陵过渡带土壤有机碳的空间变异,可为生态恢复、环境变化指示及研究区典型柑橘区的区划提供依据. 相似文献