5种喀斯特生境植物叶片解剖结构特征

对我国喀斯特地区几种不同生活型植物——常绿植物桂花(Osmanthus fragrans Lour.)、竹叶椒(Zanthoxylunarmatum DC),落叶植物红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides Muell.),草本植物石上莲(Oreocharis benthamii Clark var.reticulata Dunn),草本植物单枝竹(Monocladus saxatilis Chia,Fung et Y.L.Yang)的叶片形态解剖特征(叶片厚度、气孔密度、气孔结构等)进行了观察和测量,发现差异较大:竹叶椒角质层较厚,红背山麻杆的叶片较厚,单枝竹叶片上下表皮均有气孔,桂花气孔密度最高,石上莲的气孔纵径最长.结果表明:1)喀斯特生境植物存在着普遍的抗旱功能性解剖结构,用以适应喀斯特地区的特殊干旱气候;2)不同生活型植物对干旱选择的策略不同.表3参20     

Tamarix and Diorhabda Leaf Beetle Interactions: Implications for Tamarix Water Use and Riparian Habitat

Tamarix leaf beetles (Diorhabda carinulata) have been widely released on western United States rivers to control introduced shrubs in the genus Tamarix, with the goals of saving water through removal of an assumed high water‐use plant, and of improving habitat value by removing a competitor of native riparian trees. We review recent studies addressing three questions: (1) to what extent are Tamarix weakened or killed by recurrent cycles of defoliation; (2) can significant water salvage be expected from defoliation; and (3) what are the effects of defoliation on riparian ecology, particularly on avian habit? Defoliation has been patchy at many sites, and shrubs at some sites recover each year even after multiple years of defoliation. Tamarix evapotranspiration (ET) is much lower than originally assumed in estimates of potential water savings, and are the same or lower than possible replacement plants. There is concern that the endangered southwestern willow flycatcher (Empidonax trailli extimus) will be negatively affected by defoliation because the birds build nests early in the season when Tamarix is still green, but are still on their nests during the period of summer defoliation. Affected river systems will require continued monitoring and development of adaptive management practices to maintain or enhance riparian habitat values. Multiplatform remote sensing methods are playing an essential role in monitoring defoliation and rates of ET on affected river systems.     

Bird Species' Tolerance of Secondary Forest Habitats and Its Effects on Extinction

Abstract:  Intense deforestation causes massive species losses. These losses occur because the habitats supplanting primary forest are inadequate to sustain viable populations of forest-dependent species. Despite this, certain species do seem to persist within the secondary habitats that replace original forest. This implies that there is a special class of species that might survive the loss of primary forest. Such a result would significantly influence conservation plans and extinction predictions. We tested whether species that tolerate secondary habitats survive extensive habitat loss and whether the same degree of loss threatens species that are forest obligates. To identify purported "survivors," we compared the remaining range sizes of endemic birds, their abundances, and their degree of extinction threat. We did this within the remaining Atlantic Forest of Brazil, a region extremely rich in endemics but with only approximately 10% of its forest remaining. We found no survivors. Habitat loss threatens forest-obligate birds and those using secondary habitats equally.     

Predicting Future Threats to the Native Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile

Abstract:   The Juan Fernandez Archipelago, a Chilean national park and biosphere reserve, is 700 km west of continental Chile. Invasive plant species pose major threats to the native, highly endemic vegetation, especially on Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas a Tierra), where there is a permanent settlement. We used historical and recent vegetation map data as well as recent vegetational point data to reconstruct vegetational changes on the island since the early twentieth century. In addition, we used logistic regression models with environmental variables or their surrogates (elevation, solar radiation, topographic similarity index, slope position) to estimate the potential distributions of the worst invaders. Native vegetation has been affected most severely by Acaena argentea , Aristotelia chilensis , Rubus ulmifolius , and Ugni molinae , leading to a significant decrease of endemic plants in the montane forests and native shrublands. The native forest has decreased by approximately one-third. The area affected by Aristotelia chilensis increased from 6.5% to 14% of the total island area. Ugni molinae , once rare, is now abundant (4.6%), as is Acaena (11.9%). Rubus ulmifolius , not present 80 years ago, now covers about 7% of the island's surface. The distributions of all studied species except Rubus ulmifolius are significantly ( p < 0.05) controlled by the environmental factors we examined. Inferring from potential distributions of Aristotelia chilensis and Ugni molinae , 50% of the native montane forest could be invaded or replaced (with a probability of >60%) by these plants. Based on the invasion speed of the past 80 years, this would take another 80 years if conservation measures do not succeed.     

On the Biology of Five-toed Pigmy Jerboa (Cardiocranius paradoxus Satunin, 1902) in the Ubsu-Nuur Depression

Russian Journal of Ecology -     

Integrated assessment of river health based on the conditions of water quality,aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index.Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it reveals that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream.The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates.The result shows that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) are degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating.Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis.The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score, a comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established.Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 "healthy" and "sub-healthy" sites and 8 "sub-sick" and "sick" sites.     

五道梁高寒草原土壤水分和植被盖度空间异质性的地统计分析

青藏高原高寒草原区,由于长期冻融和地下冰的存在形成了独特的生态水文结构,土壤水分是控制高寒草原生态过程的关键因子。利用地统计学对多年冻土区高寒草原土壤表层含水量和植被盖度的空间变异性进行研究,结果表明,高寒草原生态系统浅层剖面(0~50 cm)土壤水分和植被盖度均符合正态分布,土壤含水量沿垂直方向逐渐增大,介于19.43%~25.37%之间,变异系数介于23.77%~40.92%;植被盖度具有强变异性,变异系数为47.99%。0~50 cm土壤含水量具有高度的空间异质性,其中91.1%的空间异质性是由空间自相关部分引起的,主要体现在10~190 m的中尺度上;植被盖度在研究尺度上具有中等程度的空间自相关,植被盖度随机部分的空间变异性占总空间变异性的比例为34.2%,主要体现在10 m的尺度内。各向异性分析表明,土壤水分和植被盖度具有明显的各向异性,其空间格局有明显的差异。     

乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地生态服务功能评估探讨

本文通过收集近30年鸟类种类及种群数据变化的资料,分析乌梁素海不同鸟类栖息环境的栖息地服务功能,从而评估乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地的综合生态服务功能。评估结果表明:乌梁素海湿地鸟类栖息地综合生态服务功能为不好。     

论甘肃安南坝国家级自然保护区野骆驼生存环境的保护

保护野骆驼及栖息环境是我们保护区人共同的责任,呼吁全社会都来关心和担负起这份光荣的使命,一旦这个物种灭绝了,我们的子孙们只能从教科书中了解它、看到它,这是我们这一代野骆驼保护区工作者的失职,也是我们这一代人犯下的罪过。     

我国湖泊富营养化效应区域差异性分析

通过分析我国湖泊富营养化相关指标的区域差异性,发现在相同营养物质条件下,浮游藻类生物量却有所差异,说明不同区域浮游藻类对营养物质总氮（TN）和总磷（TP）的利用效率存在显著的区域差异性.利用SPSS中的曲线估计功能,分析我国不同湖泊区域lg Chl-a分别与lg TN和lg TP的线性方程,通过比较线性方程的斜率分析不同湖泊区域浮游藻类对营养物质TN和TP的利用效率,蒙新高原、云贵高原、东北平原-山地、长江中下游平原及华北平原,lg Chl-a与lg TP线性方程的斜率由高到低依次为1.002、0.817、0.761、0.545、0.250.lg Chl-a与lg TN线性方程的斜率由高到低依次为1.401、1.058、0.447、0.239、0.099,分别为长江中下游平原、云贵高原、华北平原、东北平原-山地及蒙新高原.由此可见,东北平原-山地和蒙新高原TP对浮游藻类生长的影响大于TN,而在华北平原、长江中下游平原和云贵高原,TN对浮游藻类生长的影响大于TP.另一方面,通过分析浮游藻类生物量与水体透明度之间的相关性,阐明藻类生长繁殖对不同区域湖泊水体透明度影响的区域差异性,结果表明,湖泊中浮游藻类生长繁殖对水体透明度影响最大的是云贵高原,其次是东北平原-山地、蒙新高原和华北平原,长江中下游平原水体透明度与浮游藻类生物量之间没有显著相关性.