镇江市环境结构对鸟类群落的影响研究

文章选取镇江市作为典型城市,就空间异质性和面积这两个环境结构因素对鸟类的影响进行了调查研究。结果表明：面积对物种数存在一定影响,这种影响在空间异质性较高时较为明显,面积对物种多样性和均匀度无显著影响;环境多样性与自然度的作用是相互独立的,而自然度的影响比环境多样性更为显著,均匀度与环境多样性存在着较显著的负相关;以鸟类为代表的野生动物与环境关系密切,城市环境的改善不仅有利于保护鸟类资源,而且更重要的是改善城市人们的生活环境。     

Porous media grain size distribution and hydrodynamic forces effects on transport and deposition of suspended particles

The effects of porous media grain size distribution on the transport and deposition of polydisperse suspended particles under different flow velocities were investigated. Selected Kaolinite particles(2–30 μm) and Fluorescein(dissolved tracer) were injected in the porous media by step input injection technique. Three sands filled columns were used: Fine sand,Coarse sand, and a third sand(Mixture) obtained by mixing the two last sands in equal weight proportion. The porous media performance on the particle removal was evaluated by analysing particles breakthrough curves, hydro-dispersive parameters determined using the analytical solution of convection–dispersion equation with a first order deposition kinetics, particles deposition profiles, and particle-size distribution of the recovered and the deposited particles. The deposition kinetics and the longitudinal hydrodynamic dispersion coefficients are controlled by the porous media grain size distribution. Mixture sand is more dispersive than Fine and Coarse sands. More the uniformity coefficient of the porous medium is large, higher is the filtration efficiency. At low velocities, porous media capture all sizes of suspended particles injected with larger ones mainly captured at the entrance.A high flow velocity carries the particles deeper into the porous media, producing more gradual changes in the deposition profile. The median diameter of the deposited particles at different depth increases with flow velocity. The large grain size distribution leads to build narrow pores enhancing the deposition of the particles by straining.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Crustacean habitat potential mapping in a tidal flat using remote sensing and GIS

To make a macrofaunal (crustacean) habitat potential map, the spatial distribution of ecological variables in the Hwangdo tidal flat, Korea, was explored. Spatial variables were mapped using remote sensing and a geographic information system (GIS) combined with field observations. A frequency ratio (FR) and logistic regression (LR) model were employed to map the macrofauna potential area for the Ilyoplax dentimerosa, a crustacean species. Spatial variables affecting the tidal macrofauna distribution were selected based on abundance and biomass and used within a spatial database derived from remotely sensed data of various types of sensors. The spatial variables included the intertidal digital elevation model (DEM), slope, distance from a tidal channel, tidal channel density, surface sediment facies, spectral reflectance of the near infrared (NIR) bands and the tidal exposure duration. The relation between the I. dentimerosa and each spatial variable was calculated using the FR and LR. The species was randomly divided into a training set (70%) to analyse habitat potential using FR and LR and a test set (30%) to validate the predicted habitat potential map. The relations were overlaid to produce a habitat potential map with the species potential index (SPI) value for each pixel. The potential habitat maps were compared with the surveyed habitat locations such as validation data set. The comparison results showed that the LR model (accuracy is 85.28%) is better in prediction than the FR (accuracy is 78.96%) model. The performance of models gave satisfactory accuracies. The LR provides the quantitative influence of variables on a potential habitat of species; otherwise, the FR shows the quantitative influence of a class in each variable. The combination of a GIS-based frequency ratio and logistic regression models and remote sensing with field observations is an effective method to determine locations favorable for macrofaunal species occurrences in a tidal flat.     

生境异质性对金沙江干热河谷锥连栎天然更新幼苗早期生长的影响

锥连栎林是金沙江干热河谷仅有的几种重要天然植被之一,由于恶劣的气候环境以及长期严重的人为干扰作用,林地生境破碎化程度较高,幼苗天然更新极为困难.分析了锥连栎林更新幼苗主要生长的落叶堆积洼地、落叶堆积平地、菁沟冲积台地和缓坡草丛等4种微生境特点,并比较研究了不同微生境下天然更新幼苗生长的形态特征、生物量分配以及幼苗生存状...     

花岗岩风化壳的不均一性与海岸带的可蚀性研究——以南海北大陆海岸带为例

海岸带岩土动力学特征的差异是影响海岸侵蚀过程与方向的重要因素之一。南海北大陆海岸带主要由花岗岩风化边坡组成。通过对该海岸带的北东翼及西南翼典型花岗岩风化壳剖面的黏土矿物及风化指标研究发现,两者存在不均一性：横向上,北东翼黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石为主;西南翼黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石和绿泥石为主,两翼均未见较明显的蒙脱石。相同层位比较,西南翼黏土矿物总量高于北东翼。垂向上,自地表到深部,北东翼黏土矿物组合及总量无明显的分层性,而西南翼则呈明显的分层性且地表含量明显高于深部。海岸带的风化作用也存在明显的不均一性：表现为横向上,北东翼海岸带风化程度要稍弱于西南翼;垂向上,北东翼化学风化指标n（Al2O3）/n（SiO2）,n（Fe2O3＋Al2O3）/n（SiO2）,n（TiO2）/n（Al2O3）、CIA在风化壳中呈无规律变化,而西南翼则呈明显的分层性,这种分层基本与表土层、红土层及砂土层成一定的对应关系。从化学可蚀性指标来看,由南海北大陆海岸带花岗岩风化壳演化而成的土壤均为强抗蚀性,但相同层位比较,北东翼可蚀性要稍弱于西南翼剖面。研究认为,组成南海北大陆海岸带的花岗岩风化壳之黏土矿物与风化作用的不均一性可很大程度影响海岸带的可蚀性。     

亚高山草甸土壤呼吸的空间异质性研究

运用传统和地统计学的方法,对山西云顶山亚高山草甸的土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分和土壤有机碳的空间异质性以及它们的关系进行了分析.传统统计分析表明,土壤呼吸及环境因子均呈正态分布,变异系数在12%~24%之间,属于中等变异;土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳的相关系数(r=0.61)大于和温度(r=0.27)、水分(r=0.26)的相关系数,表明土壤有机碳对土壤呼吸空间分布的影响要远大于土壤温度和水分的影响.地统计学分析结果表明,线性模型能很好地反映土壤呼吸以及环境因子的空间结构特征.土壤呼吸、土壤温度、土壤水分及土壤有机碳的C0/(C0+C)值分别为41%、3%、77%、57%,表明土壤温度具有高度的空间自相关性,土壤呼吸和土壤有机碳具有中等程度的空间自相关性,土壤水分表现出较弱的空间自相关性,结构因素对土壤温度和土壤呼吸的空间分布起着主导作用,而随机因素对土壤水分和土壤有机碳的空间变异则起着主导作用;土壤呼吸、温度和水分的变程均为53.2 m,有机碳的变程为52.1 m;土壤呼吸和土壤温度具有较好的分形特征,存在尺度上的依赖性.分维数从大到小依次为:土壤水分(1.96)>土壤有机碳(1.95)>土壤呼吸(1.85)>土壤温度(1.60),表明土壤水分依赖于尺度的变异最小,空间分布结构最复杂,而土壤温度的空间分布格局最简单;土壤呼吸的空间分布表现出与土壤水分和有机碳相似的特点,并表现出自己的规律性.随着置信水平和估计精度的降低,土壤呼吸及其影响因子所要求的采样数量均出现较大幅度的下降.     

纳板河保护区野生动物生境管理分析评价

根据纳板河保护区野生动物的生境特点，对保护区野生动物生境管理现状进行分析，提出保护区野生动物生境管理的措施建议。