Spatial uncoupling of biodegradation, soil respiration, and PAH concentration in a creosote contaminated soil

Hotspots and coldspots of concentration and biodegradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) marginally overlapped at the 0.5-100 m scale in a creosote contaminated soil in southern Sweden, suggesting that concentration and biodegradation had little spatial co-variation. Biodegradation was substantial and its spatial variability considerable and highly irregular, but it had no spatial autocorrelation. The soil concentration of PAHs explained only 20-30% of the variance of their biodegradation. Soil respiration was spatially autocorrelated. The spatial uncoupling between biodegradation and soil respiration seemed to be governed by the aging of PAHs in the soil, since biodegradation of added ¹³C phenanthrene covaried with both soil respiration and microbial biomass. The latter two were also correlated with high concentrations of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) that are common in gram-negative bacteria. However, several of the hotspots of biodegradation coincided with hotspots for the distribution of a PLFA indicative of fungal biomass.     

An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States1

Hughes, Robert M., Alan T. Herlihy, and Philip R. Kaufmann, 2010. An Evaluation of Qualitative Indexes of Physical Habitat Applied to Agricultural Streams in Ten U.S. States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(4): 792-806. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00455.x Abstract: Assessment of stream physical habitat condition is important for evaluating stream quality globally. However, the diversity of metrics and methods for assessing physical habitat condition confounds comparisons among practitioners. We surveyed 51 previously sampled stream sites (0.0-6.3 m wide) located in regions of row-crop agriculture in Oregon, California, North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Maryland, and West Virginia to evaluate the comparability of four indexes of physical habitat condition relative to each other. We also compared the indexes to previously calculated indexes of fish and macroinvertebrate condition. The physical habitat indexes included the Stream Visual Assessment Protocol Version 2 of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the qualitative habitat evaluation index of the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, the rapid bioassessment protocol of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and a qualitative physical habitat index based on USEPA quantitative physical habitat measurements. All four indexes were highly correlated with each other, but low-to-moderately correlated with biotic index scores for fish and macroinvertebrate assemblages. Moderately high correlations occurred between some macroinvertebrate biotic index scores and quantitative metrics. We conclude that additional research is needed to increase the predictive and diagnostic capabilities of qualitative physical habitat indexes.     

Optimal Policies for Aggregate Recycling from Decommissioned Forest Roads

To mitigate the adverse environmental impact of forest roads, especially degradation of endangered salmonid habitat, many public and private land managers in the western United States are actively decommissioning roads where practical and affordable. Road decommissioning is associated with reduced long-term environmental impact. When decommissioning a road, it may be possible to recover some aggregate (crushed rock) from the road surface. Aggregate is used on many low volume forest roads to reduce wheel stresses transferred to the subgrade, reduce erosion, reduce maintenance costs, and improve driver comfort. Previous studies have demonstrated the potential for aggregate to be recovered and used elsewhere on the road network, at a reduced cost compared to purchasing aggregate from a quarry. This article investigates the potential for aggregate recycling to provide an economic incentive to decommission additional roads by reducing transport distance and aggregate procurement costs for other actively used roads. Decommissioning additional roads may, in turn, result in improved aquatic habitat. We present real-world examples of aggregate recycling and discuss the advantages of doing so. Further, we present mixed integer formulations to determine optimal levels of aggregate recycling under economic and environmental objectives. Tested on an example road network, incorporation of aggregate recycling demonstrates substantial cost-savings relative to a baseline scenario without recycling, increasing the likelihood of road decommissioning and reduced habitat degradation. We find that aggregate recycling can result in up to 24% in cost savings (economic objective) and up to 890% in additional length of roads decommissioned (environmental objective).     

基于地块尺度的耕地非农化驱动力空间异质性研究——以武汉市为例

土地用途管制和基本农田保护制度下,耕地非农化概率值和其驱动力的空间作用强度分布在土地资源配置和耕地保护方面有积极的指示性。基于武汉市2000~2011年耕地非农化地块的微观数据,通过比较分析Logistic回归模型和地理加权Logistic回归模型参数估计结果,验证了耕地非农化驱动力的空间异质性,并对异质性的空间分布规律和政策涵义做出总结分析。研究表明:1耕地间的空间依赖效应和建设用地对耕地的空间溢出效应在耕地非农化过程中具有显著影响力,且耕地非农化驱动力存在显著的空间异质性;2地理加权Logistic回归模型由于考虑到数据的空间非平稳状态所以比Logistic回归模型有更好的拟合效果;3耕地非农化驱动力的异质性在空间上呈现出一定规律,这些受到产业布局、经济和城市发展特点等的影响,根据不同驱动力空间异质性产生的原因进行差异化土地管理可以解决耕地保护和建设用地供给间的矛盾。研究结果能从地块尺度上反映出耕地非农化驱动因素的空间异质性,实现了驱动因素作用强度空间分布的可视化,并能为国土资源差异化管理提供理论和实践参考。     

基于中低分辨率遥感影像的分类方法对比研究——以鄱阳湖水鸟栖息地遥感分类为例

选取中国鄱阳湖南矶山湿地为研究范围,通过分析候鸟在越冬期的栖息特征,构建适宜于提取候鸟栖息地的湿地分类系统。以Landsat8卫星OLI遥感影像为数据源,采用面向对象分类方法,通过多尺度分割、特征提取和决策树建立等关键步骤,实现湿地信息的快速提取;通过与传统像元法的分类结果对比,系统分析了面向对象方法在基于中低分辨率遥感影像的湿地信息提取中的有效性。研究表明:在面向对象湿地信息提取中,构建不同等级的分割尺度,在多个尺度上提取同一地物,可以更好识别复杂的湿地景观类型;相比仅依据像元光谱特征进行分类的传统像元方法,面向对象方法综合利用光谱、空间、形状和纹理等多种特征,因此可以获得更高的精度(总体分类精度达到87.64%,Kappa系数为 0.855 2);基于中低分辨率遥感影像,采用面向对象分类方法,能够获得较高精度的湿地景观分布,是一种成本较低且行之有效的技术手段。     

填海工程对潮间带湿地生境损失的影响评估

以深圳湾为研究区域 ,应用水动力学数学模型对不同填海工程方案可能造成的潮间带面积变化进行了预测 ,并以此为依据进一步提出了评估填海工程对潮间带湿地生境损失影响的方法 ,得到了深圳湾填海面积变化与潮间带面积变化的关系 .按照潮间带湿地生境损失补偿的难易程度 ,将不同填海方案造成的生境损失归纳为可接受的、需要补偿的和不可接受的三个等级 .因此 ,为协调填海规模与生境损失之间的关系 ,在可接受的影响范围 ,潮间带面积因不随填海面积明显变化而无需补偿 ;在潮间带面积随填海面积增加而略有减小的范围 ,需要对潮间带湿地损失的面积补偿并恢复其功能 ;在不可接受的影响范围 ,填海工程应该绝对禁止 .     

盐城湿地建设项目对越冬水鸟生境的累积生态影响评价研究

选择盐城湿地的建设项目为研究对象.选取丹顶鹤、雁鸭类和鸻鹬类作为盐城湿地越冬水鸟的代表性物种,选取生境景观类型、土地占用以及人为干扰作为影响因子,利用ArcGIS分别做出三个影响因子对于越冬水鸟生境影响分布图,采用图形叠置法对各因子生境影响进行叠加.据此,以越冬水鸟适宜生境面积的变化来反映建设项目对于越冬水鸟的累积生态影响.并且提出设立鸟类监测救护站和栖息地补偿等生态措施来减少建设项目的影响.     

湘江流域主要支流土壤Cd污染空间分布与相关性

针对土壤Cd污染超标问题,开展流域尺度下的土壤Cd空间分布与相关性分析,选定土壤污染热点区域——湘江流域作为研究对象,以流域内主要支流的汇水范围作为分析单元,研究各支流流域土壤w（Cd）的空间分布特征及空间相关性.结果表明:湘江流域上、中、下游各支流流域之间表现出明显的空间差异性,土壤w（Cd）平均值表现为中游支流（0.29 mg/kg）>下游支流（0.19 mg/kg）>上游支流（0.17 mg/kg）;湘江流域的土壤w（Cd）分布与相关污染企业位置相关性很高,沩水、浏阳河、渌江、涟水、洣水、蒸水、耒水、舂陵水和灌江流域土壤w（Cd）空间相关性较低（0.626 ≤ R ≤ 0.767）,企业位置分布具有明显的聚集性;潇水流域土壤w（Cd）空间相关性（R=0.889）较高,企业分布较为均匀,通过潇水流域的各向异性分析可知,土壤w（Cd）分布与企业分布方向一致.研究显示,湘江流域内土壤w（Cd）分布存在空间差异性,各支流的土壤w（Cd）与相关污染企业的空间分布存在依存关系.      

互花米草在不同生境中的形态可塑性与生物量分配

该文以分布于广西合浦山口红树林保护区的互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)为研究对象,研究了不同的生境条件(淤泥质、泥沙质、沙质)对其形态因子和生物量的影响.结果表明:生境条件对互花米草的形态因子和生物量的生长有显著影响.三种生境中,以淤泥质中生长的互花米草的单位面积株数和生物量最高;比较单株的形态因子,则以泥沙质中的互花米草长势最佳,并与淤泥质、沙质相差显著;在淤泥质与沙质中,除地下生物量外,其它形态因子与生物量之间没有显著差异;在不同的生境中互花米草生物量的分配存在一定的差异;土壤透气性及养分含量可能是影响互花米草形态因子和生物量差异的主要因素.     

城市微环境PM2.5浓度空间分异特征分析

以长沙市主城区为例,在203个地面点通过加密观测并获取PM_2.5浓度小时观测值,辅以同步常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测数据,在点、面尺度对比分析加密、稀疏两种观测模式下城市微环境PM_2.5浓度空间分布的特征差异.结果表明：地面加密观测模式下PM_2.5浓度高值区主要集中在道路、地表扬尘、住宅小区、医院和工业园等人群、车辆活动的微环境场景;低值区主要出现在公园景区等高植被覆盖度区域.同一空间点位,地面加密观测PM_2.5浓度值均高于常规稀疏国控点PM_2.5浓度观测值,平均高出29.71μg/m³.反距离权重空间插值制图揭示地面加密观测模式下的PM_2.5浓度呈现明显的西北部高（>75μg/m³）、中部和南部居中（65~75μg/m³）、东部低（<55μg/m³）的三级阶梯式异质特征,剖面分析各向波动较大.相比,稀疏国控观测模式空间分布图仅能反映主城区PM_2.5浓度整体较低（<55μg/m³）、除北-南向之外各向剖面PM_2.5浓度相对无明显变化的格局.与此同时,稀疏国控观测模式在地面加密观测点估算的PM_2.5浓度同样显著低于实际观测值,所揭示的研究区高值PM_2.5浓度微环境为道路、地表扬尘、汽车站.研究结果证实,出于环境保护目标建立的空气质量国控监测点难以精确反映同点位近地面PM_2.5浓度,所识别的城市高低PM_2.5浓度值微环境与真实情景存在偏差,空气质量越优等级下偏差越大.