长江中游地区生态系统服务价值空间分异及敏感性分析

生态系统功能的不断退化是人类当前面临的一个共同挑战,是全球可持续发展研究的焦点问题。长江中游地区生态环境保护对于构建中国生态安全格局具有重要作用,为了深入分析长江中游地区土地利用活动对生态系统功能的干扰程度,基于长江中游地区生态系统服务价值评价结果,采用土地利用变化生态贡献度和生态系统服务价值敏感性方法进行测度。研究结果表明：（1）研究期间长江中游地区地均生态系统服务价值经历了“先增加后降低”的变化过程,山区地均生态系统服务价值高于平原地区、城市群地区、大城市周边县区以及主要交通道路沿线地区,长江中游地区生态系统服务价值总体变化呈现“两纵三横”的空间分布格局;（2）1995-2015年间退耕还林、还水、还湿是长江中游地区生态系统改善的主要原因,毁林开荒、围湖造田以及建设用地对林地和耕地的占用是长江中游地区生态系统恶化的主要原因;（3）食物生产、原材料生产、气体调节、土壤保持和维持生物多样性等五种类型生态系统功能敏感性有所增加,其他类型生态系统功能敏感性逐渐减弱。研究结果可为长江中游地区生态环境保护,保障生态系统服务各项子功能的持续供给提供科学指导。     

喀斯特高原黄壤区退化植物群落常见植物叶片氮同位素组成

氮是植物需求量最大的矿质营养元素。由于氮循环诸过程中的化学转化、物理运输等都有可能使其发生同位素分馏,植物稳定氮同位素组成是土壤-植物-大气连续体综合作用的整体响应,能较好的反映流域内与植物生理生态过程相联系的一系列环境信息,具有示踪、整合和指示等多项功能。为探讨喀斯特环境下黄壤区植物稳定氮同位素组成变异的影响因素及其相关关系,以喀斯特高原贵州省清镇市王家寨峰丛洼地小流域为例,选取流域内黄壤区退化植物群落3种植被类型中的4种常见植物为研究对象,分别对其叶片C、N、P、K、Ca、Mg元素含量和稳定氮同位素进行了测定分析。结果表明:(1)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值的变化范围为-3. 25‰～0. 69‰,平均值为-1. 04‰,变异程度较高,离散程度较大,呈负偏态分布。(2)植物叶片δ~(15)N值在群落间和坡位间的差异均不显著(P0. 05);(3)植物叶片δ~(15)N值的种间变化趋势为小果蔷薇(-0. 03‰)火棘(-0. 24‰)过路黄(-1. 58‰)粉枝莓(-2. 29‰),差异显著(P0. 05)。(4)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值受群落类型和物种因素的交互影响显著(P=0. 016,R2=0. 870)。(5)研究区植物叶片δ~(15)N值受叶片K营养含量的影响较大,同时与C、N、P、K、Ca元素化学计量比之间的关系密切,叶片K、Ca营养含量间的调控是影响黄壤区植物叶片δ~(15)N值的主要因素。     

异质性工业企业碳减排状态与路径的比较

在将企业各主营业务划分至所属细分行业的基础上,采用ZSG-SBM方法测算工业行业2011~2016年和上市工业企业2014~2016年的碳排放效率;通过结构方程模型量化企业的碳减排潜力和能力;综合评估其碳减排状态,并运用四象限矩阵法探讨其减排路径的差异.结果显示,2011~2016年中国工业行业的碳排放状况得到逐年改善,制造业内部行业效率呈现集聚现象,重工业行业效率普遍高于0.65,轻工业行业效率参差不齐;异质性企业的减排潜力和能力存在关联和差异,治理结构和技术能力对企业深度减排具有多重影响和关键作用,外部环境对技术能力兼具激励效应和挤出效应.因此,干预政策的制定应关注企业碳减排状态的异质性,规划有差别的减排路径,避免重复建设.     

甘肃兴隆山自然保护区濒危马麝(Moschus sifanicus)秋季利用生境特征

于2006~2007年9~10月间采用样线样带法研究了甘肃兴隆山自然保护区马麝的秋季生境利用特征,共布设286个空白对照样地和55个利用样地,测量并比较两类样地内的海拔等17个生境变量.结果表明,马麝秋季利用样地的乔木密度(0.90±0.14)和灌木均高(1.92 m±0.53 m)显著低于非利用样地(乔木密度1.35±0.07;灌木均高3.01 m±0.53 m),而且距水源距离(<1 000 m,76.37%)和人为干扰活动距离(<1 000 m,76.36%)较近的中下坡位生境(82.82%)(P<0.05).对喜好生境变量的主成分分析表明,地理因子(由海拔、水源距离、植被类型和坡向构成)是制约兴隆山马麝秋季栖息地选择的首要因子,此外,郁闭度因子(由郁闭度和坡度构成)、食物因子(由食物多度和乔木胸径构成)和隐蔽因子(由隐蔽度和避风性构成)也是影响兴隆山马麝秋季生境选择的重要因素.由于秋季对食物和水源的强烈选择,兴隆山马麝对生境隐蔽性和距人为干扰距离的选择强度较低,即承受较大强度的人为干扰.表5参31     

新疆极端水文事件年内分布的非均匀性

利用1901-2010年的资料,采用传统统计方法以及新引入的衡量年内分布情况的集中度、集中指数,对比分析了新疆极端水文事件的年内分布特征。分析发现,传统统计方法和集中度、集中指数得出的年内分布具有很好的一致性,是一种可靠的分析方法,今后可以借鉴使用。结果表明:新疆极端水文事件年内分布极不均匀,夏半年和夏季的集中指数较大,而冬半年和冬季的集中指数较小,即大部分地区极端水文事件主要发生在夏半年,冬半年发生相对较少,但北疆的阿勒泰地区冬半年极端水文事件较多;吐鲁番的极端水文事件年内分布非常集中,乌鲁木齐、奎屯—石河子、阿克苏地区次之,阿勒泰地区集中度最小。     

Habitat evaluation of wild Amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) and conservation priority setting in north-eastern China

The Amur Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) is one of the world’s most endangered species. Recently, habitat fragmentation, food scarcity and human hunting have drastically reduced the population size and distribution areas of Amur tigers in the wild, leaving them on the verge of extinction. Presently, they are only found in the north-eastern part of China. In this study, we developed a reference framework using methods and technologies of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), remote sensing (RS), geographic information system (GIS), GAP analysis and Natural Break (Jenks) classification to evaluate the habitat and to set the conservation priorities for Amur tigers in eastern areas of Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces of northeast China. We proposed a Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) incorporating 7 factors covering natural conditions and human disturbance. Based on the HSI values, the suitability was classified into five levels from the most to not suitable. Finally, according to results of GAP analysis, we identified six conservation priorities and designed a conservation landscape incorporating four new nature reserves, enlarging two existing ones, and creating four linkages for Amur tigers in northeast China. The case study showed that the core habitats (the most suitable and highly suitable habitats) identified for Amur tigers covered 35,547 km², accounting for approximately 26.71% of the total study area (1,33,093 km²). However, existing nature reserves protected only (7124 km² or) 20.04% of the identified core habitats. Thus, enlargement of current reserves is necessary and urgent for the tiger’s conservation and restoration. Moreover, the establishment of wildlife corridors linking core habitats will provide an efficient reserve network for tiger conservation to maintain the evolutionary potential of Amur tigers facing environmental changes.     

太子河洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度评估

基于对太子河流域鱼类及栖息地的调查研究,选择该流域的优势种洛氏鱥(Phoxinus lagowskii)作为指示生物,建立洛氏鱥幼鱼对水深、流速、溶解氧、总溶解颗粒物和河岸带植被指数的栖息地适宜度曲线,并借鉴河道内流量增量法计算各采样点河段的洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数。结果表明:洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数在太子河上游较高(>0.5),中游次之(0.2-0.5),下游较低(<0.2)。洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数与10项栖息地调查指标和土地利用类型的相关性分析表明:太子河流域内限制洛氏鱥幼鱼生存的因素不是水文条件,而是河流水质及河岸带等环境因素;洛氏鱥幼鱼栖息地适宜度指数受人类活动影响较大,随着太子河中下游人类开发强度加大,洛氏鱥栖息地质量呈下降趋势。     

差异化碳减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响

碳减排目标是实现减排任务的重要保障.为探讨差异化减排目标对区域产业部门经济与碳减排的影响,以在我国具有特定区位条件（“21世纪海上丝绸之路”的重要节点）和经济发展现状（相对较为落后）的广西壮族自治区为主要研究区域,构建包括广西壮族自治区和我国其他地区〔除广西壮族自治区以外的其他省（自治区、直辖市）,但不含港澳台地区,下同〕在内的可计算的一般均衡模型,设定P55C65、P75C65、P65C55、P65C65、P65C75（“P”表示广西壮族自治区,“C”表示我国其他地区,“55”“65”“75”分别表示碳减排目标依次为55%、65%、75%）和基准情景（无减排目标）,研究区域间宏观经济和微观产业部门指标之间的相互影响.结果表明:①无差异情景（P65C65）下,广西壮族自治区农林牧渔业2030年的产值为741.17×108元,比基准情景下降0.19%;我国其他地区电子设备制造业的产值为33 457.49×108元,比基准情景下降2.00%.对广西壮族自治区碳排放贡献较大的产业部门主要为食品制造业、金属冶炼及压延业和服务业,而我国其他地区碳排放主要受电力热力生产的影响.②差异化情景下,这两个区域的金属冶炼及压延部门受减排约束影响均较明显.相比无差异情景,P75C65情景下,广西壮族自治区2030年金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值和省际输出分别降至17.55×108和186.32×108元,分别下降了6.80%和1.65%;本地供应和产出分别降至358.72×108和562.59×108元,分别下降了1.85%和1.95%;金属冶炼及压延部门碳排放降至4 997×104 t,下降了12.79%.而我国其他地区2030年P75C65情景下,金属冶炼及压延部门的出口总值、省际输出、本地供应和产出则分别上升了0.05%、2.06%、0.06%和0.06%,分别增至1 283.24×108、28.25×108、26 598.95×108和27 910.43×108元,该部门的碳排放上升了0.05%,增至82 927×104 t.尽管碳减排目标能有效降低广西壮族自治区的碳排放,但也会给其产业部门带来一定的经济损失,该区域的出口、省际输出、本地供应和产出不仅受自身减排目标的影响,也受到我国其他地区减排目标的约束.建议在落实各省（自治区、直辖市）减排任务时,也要实施差异化减排目标,发展当地的优势产业.      

Joining forces toward proactive elephant and rhinoceros conservation

Proactive approaches that anticipate the long-term effects of current and future conservation threats could increase the effectiveness and efficiency of biodiversity conservation. However, such approaches can be obstructed by a lack of knowledge of habitat requirements for wildlife. To aggregate and assess the suitability of current information available on habitat requirements needed for proactive conservation, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on elephant and rhinoceros habitat requirements and synthesized data by combining a vote counting assessment with bibliometric and term maps. We contextualized these numeric and terminological results with a narrative review. We mapped current methods, results, terminology, and collaborations of 693 studies. Quantitative evidence for factors that influence the suitability of an area for elephants and rhinoceros was biased toward African savanna elephants and ecological variables. Less than one third of holistic approaches considered equal amounts of ecological and anthropogenic variables in their assessments. There was a general lack of quantitative evidence for direct proxies of anthropogenic variables that were expected to play an important role based on qualitative evidence and policy documents. However, there was evidence for a segregation in conceptual frameworks among countries and species and between science versus policy literature. There was also evidence of unused potential for collaborations among southern hemisphere researchers. Our results indicated that the success of proactive conservation interventions can be increased if ecological and anthropogenic dimensions are integrated into holistic habitat assessments and holistic carrying capacities and quantitative evidence for anthropogenic variables is improved. To avoid wasting limited resources, it is necessary to form inclusive collaborations within and across networks of researchers studying different species across regional and continental borders and in the science–policy realm.     

A global ecological signal of extinction risk in terrestrial vertebrates

To determine the distribution and causes of extinction threat across functional groups of terrestrial vertebrates, we assembled an ecological trait data set for 18,016 species of terrestrial vertebrates and utilized phylogenetic comparative methods to test which categories of habitat association, mode of locomotion, and feeding mode best predicted extinction risk. We also examined the individual categories of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List extinction drivers (e.g., agriculture and logging) threatening each species and determined the greatest threats for each of the four terrestrial vertebrate groups. We then quantified the sum of extinction drivers threatening each species to provide a multistressor perspective on threat. Cave dwelling amphibians (p < 0.01), arboreal quadrupedal mammals (all of which are primates) (p < 0.01), aerial and scavenging birds (p < 0.01), and pedal (i.e., walking) squamates (p < 0.01) were all disproportionately threatened with extinction in comparison with the other assessed ecological traits. Across all threatened vertebrate species in the study, the most common risk factors were agriculture, threatening 4491 species, followed by logging, threatening 3187 species, and then invasive species and disease, threatening 2053 species. Species at higher risk of extinction were simultaneously at risk from a greater number of threat types. If left unabated, the disproportionate loss of species with certain functional traits and increasing anthropogenic pressures are likely to disrupt ecosystem functions globally. A shift in focus from species- to trait-centric conservation practices will allow for protection of at-risk functional diversity from regional to global scales.