内蒙古生态环境敏感性综合评价

针对内蒙古土地沙化、土壤侵蚀、土壤盐渍化和生物多样性减少等区域自然环境演变过程中出现的生态问题,采用遥感和地理信息系统技术,构建敏感性评价指标体系与评价模型,对内蒙古生态环境敏感性进行综合研究,定量揭示研究区生态环境敏感性程度和空间分布特征.结果表明:土地沙化不敏感区、极敏感区分别占研究区面积35.9%和10.1%;土地沙化敏感性等级高的区域集中分布在内蒙古辖区内主要沙漠边缘和沙地;土壤基质多为沙粒、冬春季节多大风且植被覆盖度较低是土地容易发生沙化的主要原因.土壤侵蚀轻度、中度和高度敏感区分别占研究区面积的43.9%、30.2%和19.2%;受降水空间差异影响,土壤侵蚀敏感性等级自东南向西北呈逐步下降趋势.土壤盐渍化不敏感区、极敏感区分别占研究区面积的57.6%和14.6%,盐渍化明显地区主要分布在内蒙古西北部和东部;蒸发量远大于降水量,人类活动影响较明显,是土壤盐渍化高发的主要原因.生境不敏感、高度和极敏感区分别占研究区面积的30.5%、25.1%和10.6%,敏感性等级高的区域主要分布在大小兴安岭地区;这些区域水热条件相对较好,植被覆盖度高,物种数量较为丰富,是生物多样性重点保护区域.综合生态环境高度和极敏感区分别占研究区面积的27.9%和9.6%;敏感性等级高的区域位于内蒙古中北部,等级较低的区域位于内蒙古西北、东北和东南部.     

夏季太湖水体势能异常的空间分异特征及其机制

基于2013年6月7日~8月28日在大浦口、梅梁湾、避风港、平台山及小雷山附近湖体中获取的气象数据及水温廓线,探讨了太湖水体势能异常的空间特征及其可能机制.结果表明:太湖水体势能异常不仅存在日变化,而且呈现明显的空间差异:湾区附近的梅梁湾和避风港,较易形成相对稳定的水体层化,且可能维持多天;而位于西岸的大浦口、湖心区的平台山及湖南部的小雷山区域的水体势能异常呈典型的日分层现象,即白天可能形成层化,晚间基本消失.水体获得的热量存在空间差异,但差异度较小,而动力混合作用的空间差异明显.动力混合作用的空间差异是造成水体势能异常或层化空间分异的主要成因.     

牡丹江中游底栖动物分布及其与栖境因子的关系

2013年秋季对牡丹江中游的3条河流(牡丹江、蛤蟆河、卧龙溪)150km河段进行大型底栖动物野外采样,共采集到大型底栖动物18种,隶属于3门5纲11目16科,其中昆虫纲(Insecta)、腹足纲(Gastropoda)和寡毛纲(Oligochaeta)物种居多.通过典范对应分析(CCA),研究大型底栖动物群落结构与主要的栖息地环境因子之间的相关关系,并通过香农-威纳(Shannon-Wiener)指数等生物多样性指数分析评价河流等级对物种多样性的影响.研究表明,流速、溶解氧、底质中的砾石含量是牡丹江中游影响大型底栖动物分布的关键栖息地环境因子,河流等级对底栖动物群落结构有一定影响,牡丹江干流底栖动物物种多样性高于支流,平均生物密度低于支流,且河流间等级差距越大,差异越显著.     

太湖流域河流及溪流大型底栖动物群落结构及影响因素

2012年10月对太湖流域93个样点大型底栖动物进行调查,分析西部丘陵水生态功能区和东部平原水生态功能区底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系.共采集到底栖动物104种,隶属4门8纲19目46科85属.各样点的底栖动物总密度差别很大,介于1.33~39080ind./m2.西部丘陵区的物种丰富度、物种多样性均高于东部平原区.东部平原区的优势种主要为铜锈环棱螺和霍甫水丝蚓等耐污种,而西部丘陵区的优势种中包括清洁种(毛翅目和蜉蝣目幼虫).相似性分析结果表明2个生态区底栖动物群落具有显著差异,铜锈环棱螺、霍甫水丝蚓、锯齿新米虾、大沼螺、苏氏尾鳃蚓等是造成2生态区之间群落结构差异的主要原因.典范对应分析结果表明影响底栖动物群落结构的主要因素为栖境多样性、营养状态及底质异质性.Goodnight-Whitley指数和BPI指数评价结果表明西部丘陵区整体处于轻污染状态,而东部平原区大部分采样点处于轻污染状态和中污染状态,部分采样点处于重污染状态.     

经济转型视角下中国工业行业环境全要素生产率及增长动力分析

从工业行业存在技术异质特征出发,在全局DEA分析框架下,应用共同前沿理论的MML生产率指数,测度了2001~2012年我国工业行业环境全要素生产率的动态变化及分解构成,并采用动态GMM估计方法对其增长因素进行分析.结果表明: 2001~2012年36个工业行业的环境全要素生产率年均增长率为2.3%,工业环境全要素生产率的增长主要源于技术进步与规模效率的提升.环境全要素生产率呈现清洁型生产行业、中污染生产行业、污染密集型行业依次递减的发展格局,群组间技术差异整体上呈现缩减趋势;通信设备、计算机及其他电子设备制造业、烟草制品业是推动前沿面扩张的主力行业;增长动力分析显示,工业行业存在投入要素利用的规模经济,工业行业“国退民进”的产权改革与能源结构调整有利于环境全要素生产率的提升,资本深化对环境全要素生产率的提升影响微弱,FDI抑制了环境全要素生产率的增长,行业集中度与环境全要素生产率存在“倒U”型关系,不同群组的技术异质性导致了对环境全要素生产率产生不同影响.     

Evaluation and application of a three-dimensional water quality model in a shallow lake with complex morphometry

Fundamental hydrodynamic and ecological processes of a lake or reservoir could be adequately depicted by one-dimensional (1D) numerical simulation models. Whereas, lakes with significant horizontal water quality and hydrodynamic gradients due to their complex morphometry, inflow or water level fluctuations require a three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamics and ecological analyses to accurately simulate their temporal and spatial dynamics. In this study, we applied a 3D hydrodynamic model (ELCOM) coupled with an ecological model (CAEDYM) to simulate water quality parameters in three bays of the morphologically complex Lake Minnetonka. A considerable effort was made in setting up the model and a systematic parameterization approach was adopted to estimate the value of parameters based on their published values. Model calibration covered the entire length of the simulation periods from March 29 to October 20, 2000. Sensitivity analysis identified the top parameters with the largest contributions to the sensitivity of model results. The model was next verified with the same setup and parameter values for the period of April 25 to October 10, 2005 against field data. Spatial and temporal dynamics were well simulated and model output results of water temperature (T), dissolved oxygen (DO), total phosphorus (TP) and one group of algae (Cyanobacteria) represented as chlorophyll a (Chla) compared well with an extensive field data in the bays. The results show that the use of the model along with an accurate bathymetry, a systematic calibration and corroboration (verification) process will help to analyze the hydrodynamics and geochemical processes of the morphologically complex Lake Minnetonka. An example of an ecological application of the model for Lake Minnetonka is presented by examining the effect of spatial heterogeneity on coolwater fish habitat analysis in 3D and under a scenario where horizontal spatial heterogeneity was eliminated (1D). Both analyses captured seasonal fish habitat changes and the total seasonal averages differed moderately. However, the 1D analysis did not capture local and short duration variabilities and missed suitable fish habitat variations of as much as 20%. The experiment highlighted the need for a 3D analysis in depicting ecological hot spots such as unsuitable fish habitats in Lake Minnetonka.     

Spatial memory, habitat auto-facilitation and the emergence of fractal home range patterns

Animals interact with their habitat in a manner which involves both negative and positive feedback mechanisms. We apply a specific modeling approach, “multi-scaled random walk”, for the scenario where a spatially explicit positive feedback process emerges from a combination of a spatial memory-dependent tendency to return to familiar patches and a consequently objective or subjective improvement of the quality of these patches (habitat auto-facilitation). In addition to the potential for local resource improvement from physically altering a patch, primarily known from the ecology of grazing ungulates, auto-facilitation from site fidelity may also embed more subtle subjective, individual-specific advantages from patch familiarity. Under the condition of resource superabundance, fitness gain from intra-home range patch fidelity creates a self-reinforcing use of the preferred patches on expense of a broader foraging in a priori equally favorable patches. Through this process, our simulations show that a spatially fractal dispersion of accumulated locations of the individual will emerge under the given model assumptions. Based on a conjecture that intra-home range patch fidelity depends on spatial memory we apply the multi-scaled random walk model to construct a spatially explicit habitat suitability parameter H_ij, which quantifies the dispersion of the generally most constraining resource from the individual's perspective. An intra-home range set of observed H-scores, H_obs, can then be estimated from a simple 2-scale calculation that is derived from the local dispersion of fixes. We show how the spatially explicit habitat utilization index H_obs not necessarily correlates positively with the local density fluctuations of fixes. The H-index solves some well-known problems from using the pattern of local densities of telemetry fixes - the classic utilization distribution - as a proxy variable for relative intra-home range habitat quality and resource selection. A pilot study on a set of telemetry fixes collected from a herd of free-ranging domestic sheep with overlapping summer home ranges illustrates how the H-index may be estimated and interpreted as a first-level approach towards a more extensive analysis of intra-home range habitat resource availability and patch preferences. Spatial memory in combination with site fidelity requires a modeling framework that explicitly describes the property of positive feedback mechanism under auto-facilitation in a spatio-temporally explicit manner.     

矿业密集区地表热环境时空异质性驱动机理

基于Landsat遥感影像热红外波段数据,利用大气校正法反演地表水热因子中的地表温度值,基于Landsat遥感影像可见光波段,从生物地球物理效应角度提取下垫面地表扰动类型和4个生物物理参数(光合植被覆盖度,Fractional Cover of Photosynthetic VegetationfPV;土壤湿度监测指数...     

津河水系的修复对天津城市生态环境的影响

针对天津城市生态环境特点和背方城市大气污染现状,探讨了津河水系的修复对改善城市环境质量,丰富城市景观以及修复城市生态环境的重要意义。     

Promoting Large,Compact Mature Forest Patches in Harvest Scheduling Models

Spatially explicit harvest scheduling models that can promote the development of dynamic mature forest patches have been proposed in the past. This paper introduces a formulation that extends these models by allowing the total perimeter of the patches to be constrained or minimized. Test run results suggest that the proposed model can produce solutions with fewer, larger, and more compact patches. In addition, patches are more likely to be temporally connected with this formulation. Methods for identifying the tradeoffs between the net present value of the forest and the size and perimeter of the evolving patches are demonstrated for a hypothetical forest.