三峡水库干流沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态及其分布特征

三峡水库完全运行后,水文节律发生了变化(水位在145~175 m波动),沉积物和消落带土壤磷的空间分布也有可能发生变化.2016年6月采集了11个样点的沉积物及消落带样品,利用沉积物中磷形态的标准测试程序(SMT),对比研究了三峡水库干流表层沉积物及消落带土壤磷形态,分析了磷形态特征及其在横向(沉积物和消落带土壤)和纵向(回水区末端至三峡大坝)的空间分布特征.结果表明,三峡水库回水区末端至三峡坝前,干流沉积物样品总磷(TP)、Na OH-P含量呈增加趋势,HCl-P呈下降趋势,而消落带土壤磷的各形态含量纵向变化规律不明显.沉积物TP、有机磷(OP)、HCl-P和NaOHP均值依次为(859.6±106.8)、(224.6±113.9)、(435.3±77.7)和(101.5±31.6)mg·kg~(-1),均高于消落带土壤含量均值.HCl-P为沉积物和消落带土壤磷的主要形态,占TP的质量分数分别为51.3%和58.2%,Na OH-P占TP的质量分数分别为11.7%和8.1%.与沉积物相比,消落带土壤各形态磷含量变异系数高,具有较高的空间异质性.     

北港河流域水质特征及主要污染物通量估算研究

通过对北港河进行水文水质同步监测,采用多元统计法对26个采样点位10个监测指标进行分析,识别出流域水环境污染特征及主要影响因素,并进一步估算了主要污染物的通量,以期为有限资料条件下的河流污染治理提供依据.结果表明:北港河水系污染严重,主要污染物为氮、磷及有机污染物;表征生活污水、面源污染与畜禽养殖废水对水质影响的主成分的贡献率为47.95%,表征工业污染的主成分的贡献率为12.50%;重污染企业数、人口密度、建设用地占比与流域氮、耗氧有机物具有显著正相关性,表明重污染企业数、人口密度与建成区分布是影响水质的最重要指标;按污染轻重,可将流域划分为3类分区:上游轻污染区、谷饶溪及东寮坑重污染区、其他区域则为中度污染区.污染物通量变化趋势分析显示,COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N通量变化趋势基本与流量变化趋势一致,而TP通量则受上游点源排放影响出现一定差异性.通量变化趋势主要受水闸调度影响呈现开闸大幅度上升、闭闸大幅度下降的规律,在闭闸初期则受练江干流高水位顶托作用影响,流量及污染物通量为负值,练江干流水倒灌入北港河;此外,监测期间COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N最高日污染通量出现在第2次开闸期间,分别为39.23、4.98 t·d~(-1),TP最高日污染通量则出现在第1次开闸期间,为547.36 kg·d~(-1).污染通量贡献率分析表明,干流水质主要受谷饶溪及东寮坑影响,其中,谷饶溪COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP污染贡献率分别达到了64%、47%、22%,东寮坑COD_(Cr)、NH_4~+-N、TP的贡献率则分别为26%、28%、25%,建议加强对该汇水区内生活污水、工业废水等点源污染控制.     

Patterns of Avian Nest Predators and a Brood Parasite Among Restored Riparian Habitats in Agricultural Watersheds

In fragmented edge-dominated landscapes, nest predation and brood parasitism may reduce avian reproductive success and, ultimately, populations of some passerine species. In the fragmented agroecosystem of northwest Mississippi, placement of drop-pipe structures has been used as a restoration technique for abating gully erosion along stream banks. These actions have formed small herbaceous and woody habitat extensions into former agricultural lands. We quantified species relative abundances, species richness, and evenness of avian nest predators and a brood parasite within four categories of constructed habitat resulting from drop-pipe installation. Differences in the abundance of two nest predators, cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus) and blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata), were observed among constructed habitats. However, relative abundances of other predators such as common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula), American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos), and hispid cotton rat (Sigmodon hispidus), and the obligate brood parasite brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) did not differ among four habitat categories. Although species richness, abundance, and evenness of potential nest predators were generally similar among the constructed habitats, predator species composition varied, suggesting that these habitats supported different predator communities. This difference is important because as each predator species is added to or deleted from the community, variation may occur in the framework of prey search methods, predator strategies, and potentially overall predation pressure. We suggest that land managers using drop-pipes as part of stream restoration projects allow for the development of the constructed habitat with the largest area and greatest vegetative structure.     

WATERSHED IMPERVIOUSNESS IMPACTS ON STREAM CHANNEL CONDITION IN SOUTHEASTERN PENNSYLVANIA1

ABSTRACT: Forty‐six independent stream reaches in southeastern Pennsylvania were surveyed to assess the relationships between geomorphic and habitat variables and watershed total impervious area (TIA) and to test the ability of the impervious cover model (ICM) to predict the impervious category based on stream reach variables. Ten variables were analyzed using simple and multivariate statistical techniques including scatter‐plots, Spearman's Rank correlations, principal components analysis (PCA), and discriminant analysis (DA). Graphical analysis suggested differences in the response to TIA between the stream reaches with less than 13 percent TIA and those with greater than 24 percent TIA. Spearman's Rank correlations showed significant relationships for large woody debris and sinuosity when analyzing the entire dataset and for depth diversity and the standard deviation of maximum pool depths when analyzing stream reaches with greater than 24 percent TIA. Classification into the ICM using DA was 49 percent accurate; however, the stream reaches did support the ICM in other ways. These results indicate that stream reach response to urbanization may not be consistent across geographical regions and that local conditions (specifically riparian buffer vegetation) may significantly affect channel response; and the ICM, used in the appropriate context, can aid in the management of stream reaches and watersheds.     

Composition and Toxicity of Residual Bunker C Fuel Oil in Intertidal Sediments After 30 Years

In 1970, approximately 2000 m³ of Bunker C crude oil impacted 300 km of Nova Scotia’s coastline following the grounding of the tanker Arrow. Only 10% of the contaminated coast was subjected to cleanup, the remainder was left to cleanse naturally. To determine the long-term environmental impact of residual oil from this spill event, samples of sediment and interstitial water were recovered in 1993, 1997 and 2000 from a sheltered lagoon in Black Duck Cove. This heavily oiled site was intentionally left to recover on its own. Visual observations and chemical analysis confirmed that substantial quantities of the weathered cargo oil were still present within the sediments at this site. However, direct observations of benthic invertebrate abundance suggest that natural processes have reduced the impacts of the residual oil. To confirm this hypothesis, sediment and interstitial water samples from Black Duck Cove were assessed with a comprehensive set of biotests and chemical assays.Residual oil in the sediments had limited effect on hepatic CYP1A protein levels and mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction in winter flounder (Pleuronectes americanus). No toxicity was detected with the Microtox solid phase test (Vibrio fischeri). Significant sediment toxicity was detected by the amphipod survival test (Eohaustorius estuarius) in four out of the eight contaminated sediments. Interstitial water samples were deemed non-toxic by the Microtox 100% test (Vibrio fischeri) and the echinoid fertilization test (Lytechinus pictus). Sediment elutriates were also found to be non-toxic in the grass shrimp embryo-larval toxicity (GSELTOX) test (Palaemonetes pugio).Recovery at this contaminated site is attributed to natural processes that mediated biodegradation and physical removal of oil from the sediments. In support of the latter mechanism, mineralization experiments showed that all test sediments had the capacity for hexadecane, octacosane and naphthalene degradation, while chemical analysis confirmed that the Bunker C oil from the Arrow had undergone substantial biodegradation.     

Relation of Lake Acidification and Recovery to Fish,Common Loon and Common Merganser Occurrence in Algoma Lakes

Models are needed that predict both spatial and temporal improvements to ecosystems following reductions of acidifying emissions that produce `acid rain'. Logistic regression models were developed for the occurrence of fish and two fish-eatingbirds, common loons (Gavia immer) and common mergansers(Mergus merganser), using monitoring data collected onlakes across Ontario. These models were applied in the Algomaregion, including the Turkey Lakes Watershed (TLW). Using theWaterfowl Acidification Response Modeling System (WARMS), severalSO₂ emission reduction scenarios were simulated, i.e. thosecontributing to measured 1982–1986 sulphate deposition levels, 1994levels (corresponding to full implementation of Canadian SO₂emission reductions as stipulated in the 1991 Canada/U.S. AirQuality Agreement), 2010 levels (1994 plus full U.S. reductions),and both a 50% and a 75% further reduction beyond 2010 levels. Some habitat improvements in Algoma were predicted under the 2010scenario for all biota, but substantial increases in habitatquality, especially for mergansers, would occur only under further reductions. The TLW showed little change in chemistry orbiota, while lakes near the Montreal River were predicted toimprove substantially.     

Fragile X demonstrated retrospectively in amniotic cells cultured in low folate medium

Chromosome analysis in a boy aged 10 months, with psychomotor retardation, revealed the fragile X-chromosome in lymphocytes and skin fibroblasts cultured in low folate medium (TC 199). Amniocentesis and chromosomal analysis had been carried out during pregnancy because of advanced maternal age. Review of the slides from amniotic fluid cells grown routinely in low folate medium showed the marker X in 10.6 per cent of the metaphases. Possible explanations for the appearance of the marker X in amniotic cell culture are discussed.     

Prenatal diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease with DNA markers on chromosome 16 and the genetic heterogeneity problem

A prenatal diagnosis of adult polycystic kidney disease by DNA testing is reported. Evidence showing a linkage between the disease and the 3′HVR and 24.1 restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) on chromosome 16 was obtained in the proband's family by linkage analysis of data and homogeneity testing with Italian families of the linked type. Fetal genotype prediction based on both flanking markers was confirmed by histological and ultrastructural findings in fetal kidneys.     

油藏地球化学研究的理论基础与发展趋势

油藏地球化学是一个新兴的地球化学分支学科,是传统的有机和无机地球化学与油藏工程紧密结合的产物。其产生对油气勘探和开发起着重要的作用。本文从油藏非均质性、充注史和流体-岩石相互作用三个方面论述了油藏地球化学研究的理论基础,并简要总结了油藏地球化学近年来的长足发展以及产生的一些新兴研究内容。