Comparison of macroinvertebrate community structure in urban (Shenzhen City) streams with typical habitat characteristics北大核心CSCD

2020年12月在深圳市城市区域典型生境特征溪流——城市山区源头溪流金龟河、国家地质公园保护区入海溪流杨梅坑河与黑臭水体治理后溪流石溪河,开展底栖动物多样性与生境质量状况取样,通过多元统计分析探明各溪流底栖动物群落结构差异及其主要环境影响因子.结果表明:(1)金龟河底质异质性(SI)最高;杨梅坑河水质最好且流态异质性(Fr)最优,石溪河水质最差且底质异质性(Fr)最低.(2)共采集鉴定大型底栖动物118个分类单元,隶属于3门6纲14目87科.水生昆虫均占绝对优势,其中金龟河67属(81.7%),杨梅坑河62属(95.4%),石溪河12属(52.2%).金龟河中底栖动物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、改进的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度均高于杨梅坑河与石溪河.(3)金龟河的主要功能摄食类群是滤食者(45.5%),杨梅坑河(38.3%)与石溪河(58.7%)的主要功能摄食类群均为收集者.(4)冗余分析(RDA)结果显示,氨氮、海拔、湿宽、水温、溶氧、底质异质性(SI)、电导率和流态异质性(Fr)为影响深圳市溪流的大型底栖动物群落结构的主要环境因子.研究表明:(1)深圳市的山区溪流可作为深圳市生物多样性保护的重点区域.(2)在城市溪流生态系统中,水环境化学因子并非为主要影响因子,生境多样性发挥了重要作用.(图6表3参43)     

The Potential for Species Conservation in Tropical Secondary Forests

Abstract: In the wake of widespread loss of old‐growth forests throughout the tropics, secondary forests will likely play a growing role in the conservation of forest biodiversity. We considered a complex hierarchy of factors that interact in space and time to determine the conservation potential of tropical secondary forests. Beyond the characteristics of local forest patches, spatial and temporal landscape dynamics influence the establishment, species composition, and persistence of secondary forests. Prospects for conservation of old‐growth species in secondary forests are maximized in regions where the ratio of secondary to old‐growth forest area is relatively low, older secondary forests have persisted, anthropogenic disturbance after abandonment is relatively low, seed‐dispersing fauna are present, and old‐growth forests are close to abandoned sites. The conservation value of a secondary forest is expected to increase over time, as species arriving from remaining old‐growth forest patches accumulate. Many studies are poorly replicated, which limits robust assessments of the number and abundance of old‐growth species present in secondary forests. Older secondary forests are not often studied and few long‐term studies are conducted in secondary forests. Available data indicate that both old‐growth and second‐growth forests are important to the persistence of forest species in tropical, human‐modified landscapes.     

TURBIDITY SUSPENI)ED SEDIMENT,AND WATER CLARITY: A REVIEW1

ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment causes a range of environmental damage, including benthic smothering, irritation of fish gills, and transport of sorbed contaminants. Much of the impact, while sediment remains suspended, is related to its light attenuation, which reduces visual range in water and light availability for photosynthesis. Thus measurement of the optical attributes of suspended matter in many instances is more relevant than measurement of its mass concentration. Nephelometric turbidity, an index of light scattering by suspended particles, has been widely used as a simple, cheap, instrumental surrogate for suspended sediment, that also relates more directly than mass concentration to optical effects of suspended matter. However, turbidity is only a relative measure of scattering (versus arbitrary standards) that has no intrinsic environmental relevance until calibrated to a ‘proper’ scientific quantity. Visual clarity (measured as Secchi or black disc visibility) is a preferred optical quantity with immediate environmental relevance to aesthetics, contact recreation, and fish habitat. Contrary to common perception, visual clarity measurement is not particularly subjective and is more precise than turbidity measurement. Black disc visibility is inter‐convertible with beam attenuation, a fundamental optical quantity that can be monitored continuously by beam transmissometry. Visual clarity or beam attenuation should supplant nephelometric turbidity in many water quality applications, including environmental standards.     

Reestablishing Naturally Functioning Dunes on Developed Coasts

Common beach management practices reduce the ecological values of coastal dunes. Mechanical beach cleaning eliminates incipient dunes, habitat for nesting birds, seed sources for pioneer dune colonizers and food for fauna, and artificially small, stabilized foredunes reduce the variability in microenvironments necessary for biodiversity. Recent initiatives for reducing coastal hazards, protecting nesting birds, and encouraging nature-based tourism provide incentive for the development of a restoration program for beaches and dunes that is compatible with human use. Suggested changes in management practice include restricting or rerouting pedestrian traffic, altering beach-cleaning procedures, using symbolic fences to allow for aeolian transport while preventing trampling of dunes, and eliminating or severely restricting exotic species. Landforms will be more natural in function and appearance but will be more dynamic, smaller and in a different position from those in natural areas. Research needs are specified for ecological, geomorphological, and attitudinal studies to support and inform restoration planning.     

Conservation Value of Remnant Riparian Forest Corridors of Varying Quality for Amazonian Birds and Mammals

Abstract:  Forest corridors are often considered the main instrument with which to offset the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Brazilian forestry legislation requires that all riparian zones on private landholdings be maintained as permanent reserves and sets fixed minimum widths of riparian forest buffers to be retained alongside rivers and perennial streams. We investigated the effects of corridor width and degradation status of 37 riparian forest sites (including 24 corridors connected to large source-forest patches, 8 unconnected forest corridors, and 5 control riparian zones embedded within continuous forest patches) on bird and mammal species richness in a hyper-fragmented forest landscape surrounding Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We used point-count and track-sampling methodology, coupled with an intensive forest-quality assessment that combined satellite imagery and ground truthed data. Vertebrate use of corridors was highly species-specific, but broad trends emerged depending on species life histories and their sensitivity to disturbance. Narrow and/or highly disturbed riparian corridors retained only a depauperate vertebrate assemblage that was typical of deforested habitats, whereas wide, well-preserved corridors retained a nearly complete species assemblage. Restriction of livestock movement along riparian buffers and their exclusion from key areas alongside deforested streams would permit corridor regeneration and facilitate restoration of connectivity .     

辽河流域河流栖息地评价指标与评价方法研究

建立了由底质、栖息地复杂性、速度-深度结合特性、堤岸稳定性、河道变化、河水水量状况、植被多样性、水质状况、人类活动强度和河岸土地利用类型所构成的河流栖息地评价指标体系,确定了各指标的等级划分以及栖息地综合指数的计算方法.结合2005年辽河流域河流生态调查结果,对流域内所调查的28个河段的栖息地质量状况进行了具体评价,并进一步分析了河道栖息地综合指数与河流理化因子、底栖生物以及小流域土地利用状况的相关关系.结果表明:①辽河流域28个河段的栖息地质量状况差异显著,其中10个河段达到了较好等级以上,6个仅为中等水平,12个河段为较差等级以下;②栖息地质量与理化因子、底栖生物指标具有显著相关性,表明栖息地质量是影响水质与生物状况的重要因素;③小流域的人类未利用土地比例与栖息地质量显著相关,表明小流域土地利用程度对栖息地环境质量影响较大,是恢复与保护河流栖息地质量的重要条件.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

自然经济限制性下天津市农村居民点整理潜力估算

农村居民点整理增加耕地潜力的测算既要考虑其自然适宜性,也要考虑其经济可行性。论文探讨了天津市农村居民点整理在自然、经济条件限制性下增加耕地的潜力。首先,选取了7个自然指标建立了农村居民点整理的自然适宜性评价指标体系,利用评价后的宜耕地比例作为自然限制性修正系数,将自然限制性修正系数与农村居民点整理理论潜力的乘积,作为自然限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。然后,选取了9个经济指标建立了农村居民点整理的经济可行性评价指标体系,利用其评价结果作为经济限制性修正系数,将经济限制性修正系数与自然限制性下增加耕地潜力的乘积作为自然、经济限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。测算结果表明,天津市各区县的自然限制性修正系数为0.393～0.954,经济限制性修正系数为0.242～0.813;在自然、经济限制性下,天津市各区县农村居民点整理增加耕地系数2010年为3.597%～14.812%,2020年为6.158%～15.902%;分别可净增加耕地面积64.893～2206.523hm₂、68.289～2274.096hm₂。     

东洞庭湖保护区1989～1998年水禽栖息地动态研究

栖息地的改变是全球生物多样性存在的最大威胁。利用卫星遥感技术和地理信息系统的空间分析功能,从景观尺度上研究了东洞庭湖自然保护区1989～1998年越冬水禽栖息地的动态变化特征,结果表明:1989～1998年水体、泥滩地、草滩地和水田等水禽适宜栖息地的面积在减小,破碎化程度有所增加,而芦苇滩地、旱地、林地、建成区这几类水禽分布较少栖息地类型的面积和破碎化程度的变化正好相反;近10年来水禽栖息地的变化比较明显,其中草滩地演变为芦苇滩地及水田改为旱作农田的变化最为突出,变化的面积分别占整个保护区面积的10.66%和6.13%。这些变化趋势意味着研究区近10年来水禽的适宜栖息地在退化。针对变化的原因,论文还对该区域生物多样性的保护与栖息地管理提出了可行的建议。     

扬州市河网大型底栖动物群落结构及其生境特征研究

构建适用于城市大型底栖动物的生境适宜性模型,探究大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,对城市河流生态系统恢复具有重要指示意义.本文以长江下游北岸扬州市城市河网为研究对象,基于丰水期（2018年8月）和枯水期（2019年1月）的大型底栖动物调查数据,利用典范对应分析与相关性分析筛选城市河网生态健康的关键生境因子,采用GAM模型拟合关键生境因子与大型底栖动物优势种的关系,构建城市大型底栖动物生境特征研究模型.结果表明,本次调查共获得大型底栖动物48个物种,隶属3门6纲13目20科40属,其中,水生昆虫为优势类群,霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）为研究区域优势种.影响优势种霍甫水丝蚓的主要生境因子为溶解氧（DO）、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、电导率（Cond）,当霍甫水丝蚓生境适宜度为1.0时,水体中NH₃-N含量界限值为0.554 mg·L^-1,COD_Mn界限值为2.23 mg·L^-1,DO界限值为7.87 mg·L^-1,Cond界限值为272.5 S·m^-1.GAM模型能识别城市水环境关键问题,有效解释城市大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,可为城市河网水生态修复提供参考依据.