东洞庭湖保护区1989～1998年水禽栖息地动态研究

栖息地的改变是全球生物多样性存在的最大威胁。利用卫星遥感技术和地理信息系统的空间分析功能,从景观尺度上研究了东洞庭湖自然保护区1989～1998年越冬水禽栖息地的动态变化特征,结果表明:1989～1998年水体、泥滩地、草滩地和水田等水禽适宜栖息地的面积在减小,破碎化程度有所增加,而芦苇滩地、旱地、林地、建成区这几类水禽分布较少栖息地类型的面积和破碎化程度的变化正好相反;近10年来水禽栖息地的变化比较明显,其中草滩地演变为芦苇滩地及水田改为旱作农田的变化最为突出,变化的面积分别占整个保护区面积的10.66%和6.13%。这些变化趋势意味着研究区近10年来水禽的适宜栖息地在退化。针对变化的原因,论文还对该区域生物多样性的保护与栖息地管理提出了可行的建议。     

Reestablishing Naturally Functioning Dunes on Developed Coasts

Common beach management practices reduce the ecological values of coastal dunes. Mechanical beach cleaning eliminates incipient dunes, habitat for nesting birds, seed sources for pioneer dune colonizers and food for fauna, and artificially small, stabilized foredunes reduce the variability in microenvironments necessary for biodiversity. Recent initiatives for reducing coastal hazards, protecting nesting birds, and encouraging nature-based tourism provide incentive for the development of a restoration program for beaches and dunes that is compatible with human use. Suggested changes in management practice include restricting or rerouting pedestrian traffic, altering beach-cleaning procedures, using symbolic fences to allow for aeolian transport while preventing trampling of dunes, and eliminating or severely restricting exotic species. Landforms will be more natural in function and appearance but will be more dynamic, smaller and in a different position from those in natural areas. Research needs are specified for ecological, geomorphological, and attitudinal studies to support and inform restoration planning.     

Conservation Value of Remnant Riparian Forest Corridors of Varying Quality for Amazonian Birds and Mammals

Abstract:  Forest corridors are often considered the main instrument with which to offset the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Brazilian forestry legislation requires that all riparian zones on private landholdings be maintained as permanent reserves and sets fixed minimum widths of riparian forest buffers to be retained alongside rivers and perennial streams. We investigated the effects of corridor width and degradation status of 37 riparian forest sites (including 24 corridors connected to large source-forest patches, 8 unconnected forest corridors, and 5 control riparian zones embedded within continuous forest patches) on bird and mammal species richness in a hyper-fragmented forest landscape surrounding Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We used point-count and track-sampling methodology, coupled with an intensive forest-quality assessment that combined satellite imagery and ground truthed data. Vertebrate use of corridors was highly species-specific, but broad trends emerged depending on species life histories and their sensitivity to disturbance. Narrow and/or highly disturbed riparian corridors retained only a depauperate vertebrate assemblage that was typical of deforested habitats, whereas wide, well-preserved corridors retained a nearly complete species assemblage. Restriction of livestock movement along riparian buffers and their exclusion from key areas alongside deforested streams would permit corridor regeneration and facilitate restoration of connectivity .     

自然经济限制性下天津市农村居民点整理潜力估算

农村居民点整理增加耕地潜力的测算既要考虑其自然适宜性,也要考虑其经济可行性。论文探讨了天津市农村居民点整理在自然、经济条件限制性下增加耕地的潜力。首先,选取了7个自然指标建立了农村居民点整理的自然适宜性评价指标体系,利用评价后的宜耕地比例作为自然限制性修正系数,将自然限制性修正系数与农村居民点整理理论潜力的乘积,作为自然限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。然后,选取了9个经济指标建立了农村居民点整理的经济可行性评价指标体系,利用其评价结果作为经济限制性修正系数,将经济限制性修正系数与自然限制性下增加耕地潜力的乘积作为自然、经济限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。测算结果表明,天津市各区县的自然限制性修正系数为0.393～0.954,经济限制性修正系数为0.242～0.813;在自然、经济限制性下,天津市各区县农村居民点整理增加耕地系数2010年为3.597%～14.812%,2020年为6.158%～15.902%;分别可净增加耕地面积64.893～2206.523hm₂、68.289～2274.096hm₂。     

贵阳市生态城市人居环境评价

城市人居环境的可持续发展已经成为人类社会发展进程中的突出问题。贵阳市作为全国首个循环经济型生态示范城市，在改善城市人居环境方面取得一些进展，文章通过建立城市人居生态环境可持续发展指标体系并运用层次分析法，对贵阳市在循环经济生态城市建设过程中的人居环境发展现状进行评价。     

土壤温度上升与森林衰退

土壤温度上升可能会引起土壤产生过量的ＨＮＯ３，而过量的ＨＮＯ３在酸性土壤中将导致Ａｌ（３＋）浓度的升高和盐基阳离子的流失，使养分失调，细根坏死。土壤温度上升还可能会改变土壤有机质动力学、土壤水文学和土壤物理学，从而改变森林生境特征，影响森林的正常生长。     

羌塘高原人与野生动物冲突的成因

随着自然保护事业的发展,人与野生动物冲突加剧成为自然保护与地区发展面临的新问题。但人与野生动物冲突研究具有多主体性、复杂性和跨学科性,研究难度大。本文以羌塘高原为例,采用人与野生动物相互作用社会生态系统的概念,梳理了人与野生动物冲突主体的规模、分布,识别了食草野生动物与家畜争食牧草、人类聚落与野生动物竞争生存空间、草场围栏分隔栖息地及阻断迁徙通道等三种主要冲突类型。考虑草畜兽平衡核算了草地承载状况,模拟了家畜与野生动物生存空间重叠,刻画了草场围栏对栖息地及迁徙通道的影响。从重叠空间的资源竞争及人类活动扰动等方面剖析了人与野生动物冲突成因。可为厘清冲突机制,提高干预效果提供新认知。     

The reproductive behavior and energetics of male gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) breeding on a land-fast ice substrate

The reproductive behavior of male gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) breeding on land-fast ice at Amet Island, Nova Scotia, was studied. Data on energy expenditure (rate of mass loss over time) were collected. The average time budget of males at Amet Island was comparable to that of land-breeding males. The behavior of males showed seasonal changes, with a decrease in the proportion of time spent in the water and an increase in agonistic behavior during the peak mating period. The estimated amount of body mass lost over the season ranged between 25.6 and 77.1 kg, and the estimated percent of initial body mass lost ranged between 7.7 and 26.5% (n=10). The maximum number of observed copulations for an individual male was nine. Only 15 out of 42 males observed during 1992 and 1993 were seen copulating. The number of observed copulations per male was strongly correlated with success in remaining close to, or attending, females (r=0.91, P<0.001, n=42). The mean duration of attendance was 4.5 ± 5.54 days (n=42). Large size was not an important factor in determining attendance success, but reproductive effort (the estimated proportion of body mass lost over the season) and success in agonistic interactions with other males were both correlated with male success.     

山西省稷山和永济两地矮牡丹体内无机元素含量的比较

采用原子吸收分光光度法和比色法测定了山西省稷山和永济两地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中的10种元素(K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Ni、Zn、Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb),分析比较了各种元素在不同地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中的分布规律及不同地区矮牡丹对无机元素的吸收富集能力.结果表明,两地区矮牡丹体内和生境土壤中无机元素含量无显著性差异;土壤及植株不同器官间元素含量也无显著性差异;两地区矮牡丹对不同元素的富集系数有显著差异,差异主要表现在对Cd(永济0.457,稷山0.213)和Ni(永济0.093,稷山0.167)的富集上,植株不同器官之间的富集系数无显著差异.表4参9