Reestablishing Naturally Functioning Dunes on Developed Coasts

Common beach management practices reduce the ecological values of coastal dunes. Mechanical beach cleaning eliminates incipient dunes, habitat for nesting birds, seed sources for pioneer dune colonizers and food for fauna, and artificially small, stabilized foredunes reduce the variability in microenvironments necessary for biodiversity. Recent initiatives for reducing coastal hazards, protecting nesting birds, and encouraging nature-based tourism provide incentive for the development of a restoration program for beaches and dunes that is compatible with human use. Suggested changes in management practice include restricting or rerouting pedestrian traffic, altering beach-cleaning procedures, using symbolic fences to allow for aeolian transport while preventing trampling of dunes, and eliminating or severely restricting exotic species. Landforms will be more natural in function and appearance but will be more dynamic, smaller and in a different position from those in natural areas. Research needs are specified for ecological, geomorphological, and attitudinal studies to support and inform restoration planning.     

Conservation Value of Remnant Riparian Forest Corridors of Varying Quality for Amazonian Birds and Mammals

Abstract:  Forest corridors are often considered the main instrument with which to offset the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation. Brazilian forestry legislation requires that all riparian zones on private landholdings be maintained as permanent reserves and sets fixed minimum widths of riparian forest buffers to be retained alongside rivers and perennial streams. We investigated the effects of corridor width and degradation status of 37 riparian forest sites (including 24 corridors connected to large source-forest patches, 8 unconnected forest corridors, and 5 control riparian zones embedded within continuous forest patches) on bird and mammal species richness in a hyper-fragmented forest landscape surrounding Alta Floresta, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We used point-count and track-sampling methodology, coupled with an intensive forest-quality assessment that combined satellite imagery and ground truthed data. Vertebrate use of corridors was highly species-specific, but broad trends emerged depending on species life histories and their sensitivity to disturbance. Narrow and/or highly disturbed riparian corridors retained only a depauperate vertebrate assemblage that was typical of deforested habitats, whereas wide, well-preserved corridors retained a nearly complete species assemblage. Restriction of livestock movement along riparian buffers and their exclusion from key areas alongside deforested streams would permit corridor regeneration and facilitate restoration of connectivity .     

辽河流域河流栖息地评价指标与评价方法研究

建立了由底质、栖息地复杂性、速度-深度结合特性、堤岸稳定性、河道变化、河水水量状况、植被多样性、水质状况、人类活动强度和河岸土地利用类型所构成的河流栖息地评价指标体系,确定了各指标的等级划分以及栖息地综合指数的计算方法.结合2005年辽河流域河流生态调查结果,对流域内所调查的28个河段的栖息地质量状况进行了具体评价,并进一步分析了河道栖息地综合指数与河流理化因子、底栖生物以及小流域土地利用状况的相关关系.结果表明:①辽河流域28个河段的栖息地质量状况差异显著,其中10个河段达到了较好等级以上,6个仅为中等水平,12个河段为较差等级以下;②栖息地质量与理化因子、底栖生物指标具有显著相关性,表明栖息地质量是影响水质与生物状况的重要因素;③小流域的人类未利用土地比例与栖息地质量显著相关,表明小流域土地利用程度对栖息地环境质量影响较大,是恢复与保护河流栖息地质量的重要条件.     

Integrated assessment of river health based on water quality, aquatic life and physical habitat

The health conditions of Liao River were assessed using 25 sampling sites in April 2005, with water quality index, biotic index and physical habitat quality index. Based on the method of cluster analysis (CA) for water quality indices, it revealed that heavily polluted sites of Liao River are located at estuary and mainstream. The aquatic species surveyed were attached algae and benthic invertebrates. The result showed that the diversity and biomass of attached algae and benthic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI) were degrading as the chemical and physical quality of water bodies deteriorating. Physiochemical parameters, BOD5, CODCr, TN, TP, NH3-N, DO, petroleum hydrocarbon and conductivity, were statistically analyzed with principal component analysis and correlation analysis. The statistical results were incorporated into the integrated assessing water quality index, combining fecal coliform count, attached algae diversity, B-IBI and physical habitat quality score. A comprehensive integrated assessing system of river ecological health was established. Based on the systimetic assesment, the assessed sites are categorized into 9 “healthy” and “sub-healthy” sites and 8 “sub-sick” and “sick” sites.     

自然经济限制性下天津市农村居民点整理潜力估算

农村居民点整理增加耕地潜力的测算既要考虑其自然适宜性,也要考虑其经济可行性。论文探讨了天津市农村居民点整理在自然、经济条件限制性下增加耕地的潜力。首先,选取了7个自然指标建立了农村居民点整理的自然适宜性评价指标体系,利用评价后的宜耕地比例作为自然限制性修正系数,将自然限制性修正系数与农村居民点整理理论潜力的乘积,作为自然限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。然后,选取了9个经济指标建立了农村居民点整理的经济可行性评价指标体系,利用其评价结果作为经济限制性修正系数,将经济限制性修正系数与自然限制性下增加耕地潜力的乘积作为自然、经济限制性下农村居民点整理增加耕地的潜力。测算结果表明,天津市各区县的自然限制性修正系数为0.393～0.954,经济限制性修正系数为0.242～0.813;在自然、经济限制性下,天津市各区县农村居民点整理增加耕地系数2010年为3.597%～14.812%,2020年为6.158%～15.902%;分别可净增加耕地面积64.893～2206.523hm₂、68.289～2274.096hm₂。     

东洞庭湖保护区1989～1998年水禽栖息地动态研究

栖息地的改变是全球生物多样性存在的最大威胁。利用卫星遥感技术和地理信息系统的空间分析功能,从景观尺度上研究了东洞庭湖自然保护区1989～1998年越冬水禽栖息地的动态变化特征,结果表明:1989～1998年水体、泥滩地、草滩地和水田等水禽适宜栖息地的面积在减小,破碎化程度有所增加,而芦苇滩地、旱地、林地、建成区这几类水禽分布较少栖息地类型的面积和破碎化程度的变化正好相反;近10年来水禽栖息地的变化比较明显,其中草滩地演变为芦苇滩地及水田改为旱作农田的变化最为突出,变化的面积分别占整个保护区面积的10.66%和6.13%。这些变化趋势意味着研究区近10年来水禽的适宜栖息地在退化。针对变化的原因,论文还对该区域生物多样性的保护与栖息地管理提出了可行的建议。     

扬州市河网大型底栖动物群落结构及其生境特征研究

构建适用于城市大型底栖动物的生境适宜性模型,探究大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,对城市河流生态系统恢复具有重要指示意义.本文以长江下游北岸扬州市城市河网为研究对象,基于丰水期（2018年8月）和枯水期（2019年1月）的大型底栖动物调查数据,利用典范对应分析与相关性分析筛选城市河网生态健康的关键生境因子,采用GAM模型拟合关键生境因子与大型底栖动物优势种的关系,构建城市大型底栖动物生境特征研究模型.结果表明,本次调查共获得大型底栖动物48个物种,隶属3门6纲13目20科40属,其中,水生昆虫为优势类群,霍甫水丝蚓（Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri）为研究区域优势种.影响优势种霍甫水丝蚓的主要生境因子为溶解氧（DO）、COD_Mn、NH₃-N、电导率（Cond）,当霍甫水丝蚓生境适宜度为1.0时,水体中NH₃-N含量界限值为0.554 mg·L^-1,COD_Mn界限值为2.23 mg·L^-1,DO界限值为7.87 mg·L^-1,Cond界限值为272.5 S·m^-1.GAM模型能识别城市水环境关键问题,有效解释城市大型底栖动物与生境因子间的响应关系,可为城市河网水生态修复提供参考依据.     

兰州大石鸡不同生活史阶段栖息地选择的初步研究

大石鸡不同生活史阶段选择不同的栖息地．集群期选择坡度小、低海拔、东向的山坡和坟地．配对期选择坡度３０～６０°、海拔居中的栖息地,选择的栖息地范围较宽．产卵期多见于坡度小、地面环境异质性小、海拔高的农田和山坡．育雏期选择植物丛密度低、坡度小、海拔高的山坡和农田．繁殖后期选择植物丛密度低、低海拔、东向的山坡和沟底．不同生活史阶段植被覆盖度、植物高度、环境类型和坡向差异不显著,坡度差异显著,植物丛密度、海拔高度和地面环境异质性差异极显著．在各环境因子中,只有地面环境异质性对大石鸡栖息地选择的影响较显著．地形、食物和气候可能是影响大石鸡栖息地选择的根本因素．     

若尔盖西部草甸的基本类型、特点及近几十年来的变化

2000年8月对若尔盖西部草地的调查，确定了该地18个草丛类型（不包括典型的沼泽植被）。经群丛间Pearson最大相关系数配合生境作图，将该地区的草地群丛分成3大类，即沼生草地，中生性草甸和旱生性草地。各群丛的SW指数，物种丰富度，地上生物量，裸地面积按照生境序列作图，显示中性草甸具有最高的物种丰富度和地上生物量。群丛C和J分别是沼生和旱生植被与中生性草甸之间的拐点式过渡类型，其物种丰富度明显比周期的群丛低，生境转换关键种分别为鹅绒委陵菜和垂穗披碱草。在草地物种组成上，杂类草占81．3％，莎草类仅占6．8％；群丛建群种方面，杂类草占61％，莎草类占28％；在次优势种方面，杂类草和禾草所占比重都有所增加。草原成分出现在丛中生至旱生的群丛中，在有些群丛中甚至成为次优势种。沼泽消退，黄河河道附近沙化以及过牧的阳坡山地生长带刺的旱生化植被，说明当地正经历着干旱化的过程，原因不仅有自然的还有人为的，特别是草地的过度使用。最后对当地草场的管理及发展提出了一些建议。图3表2参20     

喀斯特小流域复杂景观中水质状况

以红枫湖流域周边一个受人为活动严重影响的农田源头溪流-王家寨小流域为研究对象,设置11个监测点研究硝酸盐（NO3-N）、氨态氮（NH4＋-N）、溶解性无机磷（PO4--P）、总磷（TP）和总悬浮物（TSS）在复杂景观中的变化状况。降雨后采样水中氮、磷含量明显低于雨后的地表积水,地表积水受各种影响,水质降低。水塘型湿地,其丰水期的PO43--P、TP、SS高于枯水期,与水循环条件较好的流水溪流还是存在明显的区别。从平均值来看,枯水期地表水和地下水TP都超过5级水质标准。水质与＂源＂景观的关系不明显,说明喀斯特小流域中复杂的景观结构对氮磷的截留作用。