Quantifying the adsorption and uptake of CuO nanoparticles by wheat root based on chemical extractions

This study screened out eluants for efficiently desorbing metal nanoparticles from plant root surface, and distinguished the proportions of CuO-nanoparticles uptake and adsorption.     

保护性耕作下小麦田土壤呼吸及碳平衡研究

为了研究小麦农田生态系统土壤碳排放与作物碳蓄积特征,采用LI6400-09在重庆北碚西南大学教学试验农场对平作(T)、垄作(R)、平作+覆盖(TS)、垄作+覆盖(RS)这4种处理下的西南紫色土丘陵区小麦/玉米/大豆套作体系中小麦生长季节的土壤呼吸及植株生长动态进行了观测.利用根系生物量外推法(root biomass regression,RBR)和根排除法(root exclusion,RE)这2种方法比较分析根系呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献,并估算小麦农田碳收支状况.结果表明,土壤呼吸介于0.62~2.91μmol·(m2·s)-1,平均值为1.71μmol·(m2·s)-1.T、R、TS、RS各处理日均土壤呼吸速率分别为1.29、1.59、1.99、1.96μmol·(m2·s)-1,表现为T相似文献   

镉胁迫对不同水稻品种幼苗根系形态和生理特性的影响

为了解植物根系对重金属镉的反应,以水稻秀水63和秀水09为试验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究不同浓度镉(0、1、5、10、25、50、100 μmol·L~(-1))对水稻幼苗根系形态和部分生理特性的影响.结果表明:1 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理对2个水稻品种根系生长有一定的促进作用,表现为植株干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力均略有升高.但随着镉浓度(5～100 μmol·L~(-1))增加,表现出一定的抑制效应,与对照相比,秀水63和秀水09分别在10 μmol·L~(-1)和25 μmol·L~(-1)镉处理时的根系干质量、根系总长度、根系表面积、根体积和根系活力明显受到抑制,而根系平均直径、质膜透性均有所增加.不同浓度镉胁迫对两个水稻品种直径≤1.5 mm的根系生长影响最大,其中高于10 μmol·L~(-1)镉胁迫下,秀水63直径≤1.5 mm根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积分别降低了11.89%～55.39%、10.77%～57.27%和18.37%～67.35%,秀水09分别降低了6.84%～40.48%、8.55%～42.79%和16.50%～52.42%.本实验结果表明,2个水稻品种对镉胁迫存在着一定的差异,秀水09对Cd胁迫的耐受能力要强于秀水63.     

Prediction of Annual Streambank Erosion for Sequoia National Forest,California

Many bank erosion models have limitations that restrict their use in wildland settings. Scientists and land managers at the Sequoia National Forest would like to understand the mechanisms and rates of streambank erosion to evaluate management issues and post‐wildfire effects. This study uses bank erosion hazard index (BEHI) and near‐bank stress (NBS) methods developed in Rosgen (2006 Watershed Assessment of River Stability and Sediment Supply [WARSSS]) for predicting streambank erosion in a geographic area that is dominated by colluvium and in which streambank erosion modeling has not been previously evaluated. BEHI evaluates bank susceptibility to erosion based on bank angle, bank and bankfull height, rooting depth and density, surface protection, and stratification of material within the banks. NBS assesses energy distribution against the bank measured as a ratio of bankfull near‐bank maximum depth to mean bankfull depth. We compared BEHI classes and NBS to actual bank erosion measured from 2008 to 2012. This index predicted streambank erosion with clear separation among BEHI ratings with R² values of 0.76 for extreme, 0.37 for high/very high, 0.49 for moderate, and 0.70 for low BEHI. The relationships between measured erosion and BEHI extend the application of BEHI/NBS to a new region where they can inform management priorities, afforestation, stream/riparian restoration projects, and potentially burned area rehabilitation.     

根系分泌物对土壤重金属活化及其机理研究进展

植物通过调节根分泌物的组成来改变根际状态以适应外界环境。在重金属胁迫下,植物根系分泌物种类和量会发生显著变化。根系分泌物可通过溶解、螯合、还原等作用活化土壤重金属,提高重金属的植物有效性,或固定和钝化重金属,降低重金属的移动性。文章就根系分泌物对土壤重金属形态、有效性及其在重金属吸附解吸中的作用,根系分泌物活化土壤重金属的影响因素等国内外研究进展作了综述,并对该领域今后的研究方向进行了探讨。     

磷水平对不同耐低磷水稻苗根系生长及氮、磷、钾吸收的影响

选取3个耐低磷水稻基因型99011、580和99112及1个磷敏感基因型99056为材料，采用营养液培养，比较了它们在不同磷水平下苗期根系的生长状况及对氮、磷、钾的吸收情况，结果表明，耐低磷基因型适应低磷的能力较强，它们具有较长的根系、较大的根体积和根干重，其中99011和580表现尤为突出，且它们的根系受磷水平变化的影响明显小于敏感基因型99056；0．081～0．161mmol／L的磷处理更有利于耐低磷基因型根系的发育，并且促进氮和钾的吸收，此时，植株能够吸收较正常磷处理更多的氮和钾；而磷敏感基因型99056吸收氮和钾的量随供磷水平的下降而减少，并且吸收磷的总量受磷水平变化的影响显著较3个耐低磷基因型大。     

植物床-沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能

采用原位实验验证植物床．沟壕系统的藻类捕获功能。结果表明：该系统能够有效拦截和捕获源水藻类。在水力梯度驱动下,约35％源水进入高位小沟流经植物床内部根孔结构而汇至低位小沟。低位小沟内叶绿素a（Chl-a）浓度显著低于高位小沟（P=0．0239）,其降低比例为11．1％。以植物床．沟壕系统为结构形式的根孔净化区其出水Chl-a浓度较源水整体下降了27．0％。估算该片根孔净化区捕获藻类鲜生物量约122kg／d。石臼漾湿地共含根孔净化区11片,按供水25万t／d计,估算捕获藻类鲜生物量约1100kg／d。     

Influence of environment and substrate quality on the decomposition of wetland plant root in the Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China

The litterbag method was used to study the decomposition of wetland plant root in three wetlands along a water level gradient in the Sanjiang Plain,Northeast China.These wetlands are Calamagrostis angustifolia(C.aa),Carex meyeriana(C.ma)and Carex lasiocarpa (C.la).The objective of our study is to evaluate the influence of environment and substrate quality on decomposition rates in the three wetlands.Calico material was used as a standard substrate to evaluate environmental influences.Roots native to each we...     

Effects of cyanobacteria producing microcystins on seed germination and seedling growth of several agricultural plants

The effects of cyanobacteria aqueous extracts containing Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) on the seed germination and growth of Pisum sativum, Lens esculenta, Zea mays and Triticum durum were investigated. Experiments were carried out on a range of doses of the extract (equivalent to 0, 1.6, 2.9, 5.8, 8.7 and 11.6 μ g MC-LR/mL). The results confirm that these plants were sensitive to cell-free extracts of a toxic Microcystis and that germination inhibition was dose dependent. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed that P. sativum is the most sensitive tested species with a 97% germination rate reduction and L. esculenta was the most resistant. At the 8th day, the exposure to the microcystins (MC) resulted in a significant decrease of plant epicotyls length, roots length and a net inhibition of lateral root formation. It is concluded that MC could affect also terrestrial plants seedling germination and growth. Therefore, the use of water for irrigation contaminated by MC could exert negative biochemical effects on seed and plant metabolism which might influence the agricultural crops.     

3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的生态毒性效应

为探明四环素、环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶3种抗生素对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,为评价抗生素污染的生态影响提供科学依据,采用保湿培养法研究了它们对黑麦草种子萌发的影响,比较分析了抗生素的生态毒性差异和相对敏感的指标。结果表明,在种子萌发期,一定浓度范围的抗生素胁迫会引发植物种子抵抗逆境的应激反应,因此,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下均能促进种子发芽。超过该浓度,四环素对黑麦草种子发芽仍有一定的促进作用,而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶则表现为抑制作用。四环素对种子发芽率的最大无作用浓度(NOEC)为5 mg·L~(-1),而环丙沙星和磺胺嘧啶对种子发芽率的NOEC为1 mg·L~(-1)。实验结束时,3种抗生素在1 mg·L~(-1)处理水平下的种子发芽率最高。3种抗生素浓度超过0.1 mg·L~(-1)时,种子根长和芽长即受到抑制,因此,它们对种子根长和芽长的NOEC均为0～0.1 mg·L~(-1)。其中,磺胺嘧啶的抑制作用最为显著。根长受到抑制的程度强于芽长。黑麦草种子萌发受3种抗生素影响程度依次为磺胺嘧啶环丙沙星四环素。