作业场所职业危害风险综合评价研究

在引入超标倍数、超标率等指标研究粉尘、毒物和噪声作业职业危害风险评价方法的基础上,综合考虑不同类型职业危害因素致病风险的差异,职业危害接触人数以及职业卫生管理情况,建立了多种类型职业危害因素并存作业场所的风险评价方法,进行了实际应用并取得良好效果,对于管理部门实施作业场所职业危害分级监管以及企业自我分级管理等都具有借鉴意义。     

高硫油炼制企业H_2S中毒风险分析

随着企业炼油规模不断扩大及原油中含硫量不断提高,炼油企业中H2S中毒事故风险迅速增大。在对高硫油炼制企业H2S的分布及危险源状况分析的基础上,指出炼油企业存在两类H2S危险源,即含有H2S的气体和含有H2S的酸性水,炼油装置产出含H2S的气体中H2S含量一般在1%～92%,酸性水中H2S含量一般在0.01%～4.0%;介绍了不同H2S浓度等级的空气可对人产生的毒性危害后果,H2S在空气中数分钟内致人死亡的浓度为1500mg/m3;对炼油企业重大酸性气泄漏事故、酸性水泄漏事故进行定量毒性危害计算和分析,给出H2S毒性危害低危区、高危区及迅速致死区达到的下风距离及覆盖的区域面积,重大酸性气、酸性水泄漏事故迅速致死浓度可达到下风距离分别为300m和89m;指出H2S中毒已成为高硫油炼制企业的重大风险,应该加强安全措施,重点防控。     

钻探工程施工中危险源辨识、风险评价及其控制

对钻探工程施工中存在的危险、危害因素进行了辨识和分析,采用预先危险性分析方法及安全因素影响风险评价方法对施工过程中危险源的危险等级和安全因素影响等进行了分析和评价,针对重大危险源采用了安全技术和安全管理控制措施。首先对能量危害物质、失控(包括生产、控制、安全装置和辅助设施等故障及人员失误)、管理缺陷及客观因素进行危险源辨识;第二,评价危险源危害因素主次;第三,采用安全技术和安全管理措施有效地对车辆伤害、登高作业、防雷安全、用电安全、机械安全及预防自然灾害(火灾)等重大危险源进行控制。通过实践表明,福建省121地质大队采用该方法对钻探工程项目的危险源进行了有效地控制,实现了钻探安全生产。     

Fiji's worst natural disaster: the 1931 hurricane and flood

At least 225 people in the Fiji Islands died as a result of the 1931 hurricane and flood, representing the largest loss of life from a natural disaster in Fiji's recent history. This paper explores the causes of disaster and the potential for recurrence. The disaster occurred because a rare event surprised hundreds of people—especially recently settled Indian farmers—occupying highly exposed floodplains in north‐west Viti Levu island. The likelihood of a flood disaster of such proportions occurring today has been diminished by changed settlement patterns and building materials; however, a trend towards re‐occupancy of floodplains, sometimes in fragile dwellings, is exposing new generations to flood risks. The contribution of this paper to the global hazards literature is set out in three sections: the ethnicity, gender and age of flood fatalities; the naturalness of disasters; and the merit of choice and constraint as explanations for patterns of vulnerability.     

基于模糊概率的区域泥石流危险性评价

在最新泥石流危险度区划研究的基础上,将模糊概率模型应用于区域泥石流灾害的危险评价中。在此模型中,评价指标因子包括主要因子泥石流分布密度,次要因子岩石风化程度系数、断裂带密度、≥25°坡地面积百分比、洪灾发生频率、月降雨量变差系数、年平均≥25mm大雨日数以及≥25°坡耕地面积百分比;同时将泥石流危险划分为极低危险、低度危险、中度危险、高度危险和极高危险5个等级。模糊概率模型不仅继承了经典模糊综合评判法的思想和优点,同时也克服了其在实际应用中评价指标因子权重取值的局限性,因而具有明显的合理性。对四川省凉山州区域泥石流灾害的危险评价分析,表明本方法能较真实地反映区域泥石流灾害的危险等级,可为减灾防灾决策提供科学依据。     

自然灾害风险管理中社会因素的探讨

自然灾害风险具有自然属性和社会属性的双重特性。从自然灾害的社会属性入手,用灾害心理学、灾害经济学和灾害管理学的观点和方法,探讨了灾害所涉及的社会因素如个体和群体心理素质、意识形态和行为习惯,以及相关的灾害管理政策和区域经济环境问题。结合经济成本和综合效益的评价,分析了社会因素对灾害风险管理的相互关系和相互作用,并强调了自然灾害管理中防灾减灾的意识、政策和决策措施等有效性和可持续性的重要意义。     

A survey of rainstorms as weather hazards in southern Nigeria

This paper examines the role played by winds as a weather hazard in urban centres of southern Nigeria. It is observed that strong winds associated with rainstorms at the beginning of the rainy season are a threat to urban centres as they directly affect buildings and infrastructure. Wind hazards also have indirect social and economic consequences on the communities affected. Much of the damage done to buildings is as a result of inappropriate building designs that have not taken into consideration the wind environment. An inventory of reports of damage caused by winds during the first half of 1995 showed that different towns in eight states were affected. These incidences occurred mainly at the beginning of the rainy season when strong winds are associated with linesqualls. Although wind related hazards have not been adequately acknowledged as an environmental problem that needs to be properly addressed in Nigeria, as in the case of flooding, results have shown that it is a problem that requires government intervention in view of global climate change and consequent extreme weather events. Wind hazard awareness and preparedness as integral aspects of development policy and planning of the environment is therefore needed in West African countries where linesqualls are very significant rain producers.     

大渡河上游某水电站库区滑坡的危险性评价

大渡河上游某拟建水电站突出的工程地质问题之一为库区内2个大型滑坡的稳定性。通过对滑坡的工程地质条件、变形特征、影响因素及成因机制分析,在定性分析的基础上,选择代表性剖面,分多种工况条件,利用极限平衡法对滑坡整体稳定性进行了定量计算。并在此基础上采用能量法、美国土木工程学会建议法和水科院经验公式法对局部滑体的滑动速度和产生的涌浪高度进行了预测计算和分析,由此得出滑坡对大坝安全运营和库区居民的危害程度的危险性评价。     

制氢装置重大危险源辨识

简要介绍了我国现行重大危险源辨识标准,并结合制氢装置实际对企业前期开展的重大危险源普查结论进行分析,提出辨识结论及监控建议.     

我国城市重大危险源管理探讨

目前我国城市安全问题严重,城市重大危险源的管理工作还比较落后,在认识到这些客观问题的基础上,探讨我国城市重大危险源管理问题和方法,以期预防和减少重大事故的发生,保障企业生产安全稳定地进行.