2种改性活性炭对甲苯吸附性能的对比研究

利用微波、电炉加热对活性炭进行改性,并测定了改性前后不同种类活性炭对甲苯的吸附性能、表面酸碱官能团含量以及比表面积.结果表明,对于微波改性,随着改性温度升高,活性炭对甲苯的吸附量逐渐增大,表面碱性官能团含量也相应增加,比表面积相应减小.改性温度850℃时活性炭吸附甲苯性能最高,650℃与450℃改性后活性炭吸附甲苯的性能相差不大.电加热改性也具有类似的趋势,但对甲苯的吸附性能总体低于微波改性.扫描电镜表征显示,热改性去除了活性炭孔道内的杂质,使活性炭内部孔道更加通畅,有利于提高吸附甲苯的能力,但温度升高同样存在炭骨架收缩,孔道变窄的弊端.微波加热和电炉加热在原理和热传递方向上的不同.是导致改性结果之间差别的关键问题.     

程序升温微波辐照法解吸活性炭上吸附的甲苯

利用微波辐照作为加热手段,采用程序升温的方法对活性炭上吸附的甲苯进行解吸。程序升温条件为：初始温度及升温幅度为100℃,每个温度点保持10min,终温500℃保持5min。实验结果表明,程序升温解吸45min,甲苯解吸率达91％。程序升温和400℃恒温微波辐照解吸两种方法对比发现,甲苯解吸率达90％的时间基本相当,但程序升温解吸的能量消耗更小,能量利用率更高。     

给水管网建设工程对环境的影响与污染防治措施研究

管网工程对环境的影响主要表现为施工期。施工过程将对声环境、环境空气、生态环境、社会环境等产生不同程度的影响。供热管网施工过程中,由于管网铺设、开挖将可能破坏地表植被。同时,施工产生的临时弃土,若处理不当,将可能产生水土流失;同时工程拆迁及施工期各类污染物的排放影响居民生活质量,以及管线敷设管沟填埋前将对居民出行产生一定影响。结合给水管网建设工程的特点,从施工期分析给水管网建设项目对环境的影响及需采取的污染防治措施。     

低温期浅水湖泊氮的分布及无机氮扩散通量:以白洋淀为例

本文以我国华北地区最大的浅水湖泊白洋淀为研究对象,探究其低温期沉积物-水界面无机氮的分布特征,分析沉积物孔隙水中无机氮扩散通量对上覆水水质的影响.结果表明,低温期白洋淀表层水总氮（TN）平均浓度范围为4.83~8.23 mg·L^-1,氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）平均浓度维持在0.21~0.34 mg·L^-1之间,硝氮（NO₃^--N）平均浓度在0.01~2.75 mg·L^-1之间.TN污染较严重,超过地表水Ⅴ类水质标准.表层沉积物TN平均含量在681~4365 mg·kg^-1之间,其中有机氮（TON）为氮素的主要存在形式,占总氮比例61.6%~93.1%.NH₄⁺-N为无机氮（TIN）的主要存在形式,平均含量范围为28.9~116.3 mg·kg^-1,NO₃^--N含量整体较低,平均值范围为5.2~23.7mg·kg^-1.低温期白洋淀0~30 cm沉积物孔隙水中NH₄⁺-N浓度是上覆水中的3~16倍,呈现逐渐累积趋势.沉积物-水界面NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N扩散通量范围分别为-0.55~4.09、-1.44~3.67和-0.88~0.04 mg·（m²·d）^-1,冬季低温期仍具有潜在释放风险.低温期沉积物中积累大量的NH₄⁺-N,可能会在温度升高后影响白洋淀上覆水体水质.因此研究低温期白洋淀沉积物-水界面氮的分布特征和沉积物中无机氮的内源释放风险对于改善白洋淀水质和认识浅水湖泊内源氮污染具有重要意义.     

关中平原畜禽粪便重金属农用风险估算

通过在关中平原畜禽养殖集中的县区采集畜禽粪便和饲料样品,测定其中Cr、Cu、Pb、Zn等重金属元素含量,以评估施用畜禽粪便造成的土壤重金属累积速率和安全使用年限.结果表明,牛粪、鸡粪、猪粪样品中Cr超标率分别为7.69%、4.35%和8.00%,而猪粪中Cu、Zn超标率分别达到76.00%和8.00%.饲料样品中Cu、Zn含量高于Cr、Pb含量,且与畜禽粪便Cu、Zn含量呈极显著正相关关系,结合主成分分析可知,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn主要来源于饲料.形态分析结果显示,畜禽粪便中Cu、Zn的有效性很高,尤其是鸡粪中Cu、Zn的有效态含量最高.若畜禽粪便施用量保持在当前水平,则施用畜禽粪便24.4~131.0年和69.7~91.9年后,大棚土壤中Cu、Zn含量即可从土壤背景值分别达到安全临界值,因此,畜禽粪便农用时,不仅要控制其施用量,还应适当减少饲料中Cu、Zn添加量.     

天津市大气颗粒物中有机标识物粒径分布的季节特征

为探讨采暖季和非采暖季大气颗粒物中有机标识组分的粒径分布特征,识别其来源,于2018年5月至2019年4月在天津采集分粒径颗粒物,利用GC-MS对9个粒径段颗粒物中17种多环芳烃(PAHs)、20种正构烷烃(n-Alkanes)和7种藿烷(hopanes)进行分析,并通过有机标识物及特征比值的方法探讨其主要来源.结果表明:非采暖季的四环多环芳烃Pyr、Ba A、Chr和五环多环芳烃BbF、Ba P呈3峰分布,其余PAHs呈双峰分布,采暖季的低环PAHs呈双峰分布,中高环PAHs近似单峰分布.根据PAHs特征比值发现,非采暖季的燃煤源和交通源是PAHs的主要贡献源,采暖季PAHs受燃煤源的影响更显著.非采暖季的正构烷烃中C29呈单峰分布,C27、C31、C32和C33近似单峰分布,其余正构烷烃呈双峰分布,采暖季的正构烷烃均呈双峰分布.根据正构烷烃碳优势指数(CPI)和主碳峰数(C_max)发现,人为源是正构烷烃的主要来源,非采暖季受自然源的影响大于采暖季,自然源排放的正构烷烃倾向于富集在粗颗粒物上,人为源排放的正构烷烃则更倾向于富集在细颗粒物上.藿烷在粗粒径段和细粒径...     

基于地理探测器的湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价

湖南地区是长江中游新石器时期文化发源地之一,为了更有效地了解新石器时期的人地关系,以高程、坡度、坡向、水体、地貌、土壤和植被类型这7个指标构建新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境模糊指数综合评价体系,运用地理探测器的因子探测法确定各要素的权重,在ArcGIS中将各因子的权重值进行加权叠加和综合等级类型分类,最终得到湖南新石器时期聚落遗址人居环境适宜度评价结果:宜居度中等以上的区域面积最大,总面积为18.59万km2,占湖南省总面积的87.77％;水体权重值占比最高;古人偏爱聚水而居,且集中分布在洞庭湖区域,湘、资、沅、澧周边沿干流分布或在河流的交汇区域分布;适宜度等级较高的遗址类型偏向于丘陵型、台地型和平原型;宜居度中等及以上的遗址多分布在地形较低、朝南、微斜坡、地貌、土壤和植被类型最为丰富的区域.本文可为今后史前聚落遗址分布与自然环境分析提供借鉴意义.     

生态状况判断的理论基础及在中国的应用

文章系统地总结了影响生态状况判断的六个理论,分别为:可持续发展、跨越式发展、环境库兹涅茨曲线、熵与混沌理论、耗散结构和社会-经济-自然复合生态系统理论。这些理论是人类认识自然的结晶,而且也是区域生态状况判断坚实的理论基础。在阐述理论的基础上,对中国生态状况作出的准确判断,认为中国的生态状况总体上处于治理与破坏的相持阶段,水土流失、土地荒漠化等得到有效遏制、人们的生态意识不断增强,但传统经济结构和发展模式的调整目标尚未完成,退化生态系统还未得到根本恢复,社会经济可持续发展的目标还需很长时间。这些基于理论分析的判断对于对中国生态建设和可持续发展具有重要指导意义。     

Combination of steam-enhanced extraction and electrical resistance heating for efficient remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil: Coupling merits and energy consumption

● Coupling merits of SEE and ERH were explored by a laboratory-scale device. ● SEE promotes the soil electrical conductivity and ERH process. ● Preheating soil by ERH improves the soil permeability and SEE. ● Combined method is more energy-efficient for perchloroethylene extraction. In situ thermal desorption (ISTD) technology effectively remediates soil contaminated by dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). However, more efforts are required to minimize the energy consumption of ISTD technology. This study developed a laboratory-scale experimental device to explore the coupling merits of two traditional desorption technologies: steam-enhanced extraction (SEE) and electrical resistance heating (ERH). The results showed that injecting high-density steam (> 1 g/min) into loam or clay with relatively high moisture content (> 13.3%) could fracture the soil matrix and lead to the occurrence of the preferential flow of steam. For ERH alone, the electrical resistance and soil moisture loss were critical factors influencing heating power. When ERH and SEE were combined, preheating soil by ERH could increase soil permeability, effectively alleviating the problem of preferential flow of SEE. Meanwhile, steam injection heated the soil and provided moisture for maintaining soil electrical conductivity, thereby ensuring power stability in the ERH process. Compared with ERH alone (8 V/cm) and SEE alone (1 g/min steam), the energy consumption of combined method in remediating perchloroethylene-contaminated soil was reduced by 39.3% and 52.9%, respectively. These findings indicate that the combined method is more favorable than ERH or SEE alone for remediating DNAPL-contaminated subsurfaces when considering ISTD technology.     

Reduction of the movement and persistence of pesticides in soil through common agronomic practices

Laboratory and field studies were conducted in order to determine the leaching potential of eight pesticides commonly used during pepper cultivation by use of disturbed soil columns and field lysimeters, respectively. Two soils with different organic matter content (soils A and B) were used. Additionally, soil B was amended with compost (sheep manure). The tested compounds were cypermethrin, chlorpyrifos-methyl, bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos, cyfluthrin, endosulfan, malathion and tolclofos-methyl. In soil B (lower organic matter content), only endosulfan sulphate, malathion and tolclofos-methyl were found in leachates. For the soil A (higher organic matter content) and amended soil B, pesticide residues were not found in the leachates. In addition, this paper reports on the use of common agronomic practices (solarization and biosolarization) to enhance degradation of these pesticides from polluted soil A. The results showed that both solarization and biosolarization enhanced the degradation rates of endosulfan, bifenthrin and tolclofos-methyl compared with the control. Most of the studied pesticides showed similar behavior under solarization and biosolarization conditions. However, chlorpyrifos was degraded to a greater extent in the solarization than in biosolarization treatment. The results obtained point to the interest in the use of organic amendment in reducing the pollution of groundwater by pesticide drainage and in the use of solarization and biosolarization in reducing the persistence of pesticides in soil.