Evolution of heavy metals in municipal solid waste during bio-drying and implications of their subsequent transfer during combustion

Bio-drying has been applied to improve the heating value of municipal solid waste (MSW) prior to combustion. In the present study, evolution of heavy metals in MSW during bio-drying and subsequent combustion was studied using one aerobic and two combined hydrolytic-aerobic scenarios. Heavy metals were concentrated during bio-drying and transformed between different metal fractions, namely the exchangeable, carbonate-bound, iron- and manganese-oxides-bound, organic-matter-bound and residual fractions. The amounts of heavy metals per kg of bio-dried MSW transferred into combustion flue gas increased with bio-drying time, primarily due to metals enrichment from organics degradation. Because of their volatility, the partitioning ratios of As and Hg in flue gas remained stable so that bio-drying and heavy metal speciation had little effect on their transfer and partitioning during combustion. In contrast, the partitioning ratios of Pb, Zn and Cu tended to increase after bio-drying, which likely enhanced their release potential during combustion.     

安徽地震活动期的划分与地震活动趋势的研究

20世纪以来安徽与中国大陆地震活动呈同步活跃关系。本文对安徽的地震活动周期进行了划分 ,并用综合统计分析方法进行安徽未来地震活动趋势研究 ,结果表明 :安徽目前正处在一个相对较弱的地震活动期 ,该活动期约在 2 0 0 6年前后结束 ,估计发生地震的最大震级为 5级左右 ,可能主要是 4～ 5级地震活动。     

利用宽频带速度记录的频域特征研究台风

利用福建省地震台网宽频带速度记录,以1h为移动窗长,研究了台风生成、发展、消亡整个过程的波谱特征,提出了以Fourier波谱的卓越周期作为刻画台风特征的一种尺度,并以台风“海棠”和“泰利”为例,统计了在登陆台湾之前,其卓越周期与台风参数的对应关系。研究表明,在台风初始形成阶段,其卓越周期由平常噪声的2～4s跃升为7～8s,随着台风向陆地的移动,卓越周期缓慢降低,经过台湾海峡时卓越周期显著降低,随着台风登陆,卓越周期又逐步恢复为噪声水平。     

轻烃回收装置大检修动火风险管控措施探讨

针对轻烃回收装置火灾爆炸事故大部分发生在维检修阶段的现象,通过结合生产实际,提出采用动火前施工工序确认制度,严控高风险点位,避免"立体交叉"动火作业等措施,杜绝经验主义和侥幸心理,最大限度避免动火作业着火爆炸事故的发生。文章介绍了轻烃回收装置的介质特点及主要工艺,分析了轻烃回收装置大检修基本流程及动火风险,提出控制动火施工安全风险的管理实践。     

Resilience-based approach to safety barrier performance assessment in process facilities

The performance assessment of safety barriers is essential to find vulnerable elements in a safety barrier system. Traditional performance assessment approaches mainly focus on using several static indicators for quantifying the performance of safety barriers. However, with the increasing complexity of the system, emerging hazards are highly uncertain, making it challenging for the static indicators to assess the performance of safety barriers. This paper proposes a resilience−based performance assessment method for safety barriers to overcome this problem. Safety barriers are classified according to their functions first. The dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) is then introduced to calculate the availability function under normal and disruption conditions. The ratio of the system's availability, when affected by the disruption, to the initial availability, is used to determine the absorption capacity of the system. The ratio of the quantity of availability recovery to the total quantity of system represents the adaptation and restoration capacity of the system. The system's resilience is represented by the sum of absorption, adaptation, and restoration capacities. The wax oil hydrogenation process is used to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed methodology.     

A new categorization of release models using a semi-analytic solution

The spread of cryogenic liquid due to a limited period of release is investigated for the first time to clarify the unclear conventional concept regarding two release types: continuous and instantaneous release. The physical phenomenon is described by equations involving the volume, radius and height of the liquid pool, and there are three governing parameters: the evaporation rate per unit area, a release time, and a spill volume. As a result of the perturbation solutions, the combined model, which consists of the continuous model and the subsequent instantaneous model, is necessary for a large spill source rate, whereas the continuous model is only required for a small spill source rate. This combined release model is more realistic than the instantaneous release model, and it is shown that the combined model and the continuous model are clearly distinguished in the coordinate system of the release time and the spill volume using the analytical feature of the perturbation solution.     

燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热项目主机选型方案刍议

发展燃气-蒸汽联合循环供热对于解决经济发展和环境保护具有重要作用，在我国经济发达地区已经开始大规模推广。阐述了燃气一蒸汽联合循环发电、供热技术、特点等，对主机选型方案提出建议。     

温和热处理对低有机质污泥厌氧消化性能的影响

以高浓度低有机质污泥为研究对象,通过改变加热时间研究100℃温和热处理对其有机物溶出以及厌氧消化性能影响.结果表明通过100℃的温和热处理,污泥上清液中的有机物浓度在预处理前30 min内显著增加,30 min以后则趋于平缓.其中SCOD、蛋白质和碳水化合物在100℃热处理30 min时的溶出率分别达到10.5%、11.6%和8.2%.温和热处理不仅可以提高低有机质污泥的产气总量,而且还可以缩短产气高峰的到达时间.经100℃热处理30 min的污泥,在厌氧消化10 d时的沼气产率(以VS计)为136.0 mL·g-1,比空白对照组提高了86.0%;厌氧消化30 d后的VS降解率也由空白时的19.1%增加到33.3%.此外,实验结果还表明,100℃的温和热水解处理对厌氧消化过程中的4种关键酶(蛋白酶、乙酸激酶、磷酸转乙酰酶和辅酶F420)均有不同程度的促进作用.     

活性滤料滤池过滤性能研究

为了研究进水浓度、水力停留时间和供气量对活性滤料滤池过滤性能的影响,以石英砂作为过滤介质,以高岭土悬浊液模拟配水进行试验,测试不同条件下滤池对SS的去除效果.结果表明:有效过滤高度为700 mm的活性滤料滤池在HRT为10 min、SS为45 mg·L^-1左右时,砂循环周期应为24 h以内;进水SS的浓度和供气量基本不影响活性滤料滤池的过滤性能;随着停留时间的增加,活性滤料滤池对SS去除率逐渐增加;活性滤料滤池用于出水SS由一级B标准提高到一级A标准的合理停留时间应为7.5~10 min,最佳供气范围为7.96~26.53 L·m^-2·min^-1.     

唐山市2017年采暖期不同污染等级PM2.5化学组分特征对比与来源分析

为深入了解唐山市采暖期PM_2.5污染成因与来源,采用在线监测设备于2017年12月1日-2018年1月28日连续监测了唐山市PM_2.5及其水溶性离子和碳质组分（OC、EC）的质量浓度变化,并结合部分常规气体污染物及气象数据进行对比分析.结果表明:①相对湿度的增加和风速的降低促进了污染的发展.②清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,SOR（硫氧化率）分别为0.05、0.08、0.20,NOR（氮氧化率）分别为0.05、0.12、0.26,随着污染的加重,SO₂、NO_x向PM_2.5中SO₄2-、NO₃-的二次转化现象更加明显.③清洁时,ρ（OC）、ρ（EC）、ρ（SO₄2-）和ρ（Cl-）占PM_2.5化学组分（水溶性离子、碳质组分）质量浓度总和的68%,主要污染源为燃煤;清洁、轻中度污染和重污染时,ρ（NO₂）/ρ（SO₂）分别为0.96、1.14、1.44,ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）分别为0.94、1.57和1.75;重污染时,ρ（SO₄2-）、ρ（NO₃-）、ρ（NH₄+）三者之和占PM_2.5化学组分质量浓度总和的61%,二次污染物成为主要污染源.④观测期,唐山市轻中度污染和重污染时,受经北京市、天津市等唐山市西部地区方向气团影响频率分别为61%、63%,受该方向气团影响时,ρ（NO₂）/ρ（SO₂）、ρ（NO₃-）/ρ（SO₄2-）明显增大.研究显示,相较于燃煤排放物在大气污染物中的占比变化,随着污染的加重,工业工艺和机动车尾气排放产生的污染物占比明显增大,区域传输对大气污染影响不可忽略,政府有必要开展区域联防联控、停产限产和限行限号的措施.