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建立适合我国国情的饮用水水质指数 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
目前一般利用各指标合格率评价饮用水水质,由于指标繁杂,不利于消费者了解水质整体概况,也不利于对外发布公报。本文建议采用水质指数法来对饮用水水质进行综合评价。本文介绍了目前采用的水质指数的不同评价方法,综述了不同的水质指数的原理和计算方法,根据我国国情,对我国城市供水的饮用水水质指数进行了修正,首次在水质指数中增加了超标项目“惩罚项”。修正后的饮用水水质指数具有很强的科学性和可操作性,可以从整体上对饮用水水质进行综合评价。 相似文献
364.
Elie Gaget Diego Pavón-Jordán Alison Johnston Aleksi Lehikoinen Wesley M. Hochachka Brett K. Sandercock Alaaeldin Soultan Hichem Azafzaf Nadjiba Bendjedda Taulant Bino Luka Božič Preben Clausen Mohamed Dakki Koen Devos Cristi Domsa Vitor Encarnação Kiraz Erciyas-Yavuz Sándor Faragó Teresa Frost Clemence Gaudard Lívia Gosztonyi Fredrik Haas Menno Hornman Tom Langendoen Christina Ieronymidou Vasiliy A. Kostyushin Lesley J. Lewis Svein-Håkon Lorentsen Leho Luigujõe Włodzimierz Meissner Tibor Mikuska Blas Molina Zuzana Musilová Viktor Natykanets Jean-Yves Paquet Nicky Petkov Danae Portolou Jozef Ridzoň Samir Sayoud Marko Šćiban Laimonas Sniauksta Antra Stīpniece Nicolas Strebel Norbert Teufelbauer Goran Topić Danka Uzunova Andrej Vizi Johannes Wahl Marco Zenatello Jon E. Brommer 《Conservation biology》2021,35(3):834-845
Climate warming is driving changes in species distributions and community composition. Many species have a so-called climatic debt, that is, shifts in range lag behind shifts in temperature isoclines. Inside protected areas (PAs), community changes in response to climate warming can be facilitated by greater colonization rates by warm-dwelling species, but also mitigated by lowering extirpation rates of cold-dwelling species. An evaluation of the relative importance of colonization-extirpation processes is important to inform conservation strategies that aim for both climate debt reduction and species conservation. We assessed the colonization-extirpation dynamics involved in community changes in response to climate inside and outside PAs. To do so, we used 25 years of occurrence data of nonbreeding waterbirds in the western Palearctic (97 species, 7071 sites, 39 countries, 1993–2017). We used a community temperature index (CTI) framework based on species thermal affinities to investigate species turnover induced by temperature increase. We determined whether thermal community adjustment was associated with colonization by warm-dwelling species or extirpation of cold-dwelling species by modeling change in standard deviation of the CTI (CTISD). Using linear mixed-effects models, we investigated whether communities in PAs had lower climatic debt and different patterns of community change than communities outside PAs. For CTI and CTISD combined, communities inside PAs had more species, higher colonization, lower extirpation, and lower climatic debt (16%) than communities outside PAs. Thus, our results suggest that PAs facilitate 2 independent processes that shape community dynamics and maintain biodiversity. The community adjustment was, however, not sufficiently fast to keep pace with the large temperature increases in the central and northeastern western Palearctic. Our results underline the potential of combining CTI and CTISD metrics to improve understanding of the colonization-extirpation patterns driven by climate warming. 相似文献
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采用室内盆栽试验方法,研究了外源镍污染土壤的植物吸收修复对土壤镍形态和土壤主要化学性质的影响。试验用水稻土添加NiSO4·6H2O(100~1600mgkg-1)经过12周的驯化培养后,种植了镍超累积植物Alyssu mmurale,110 d后收获植物并进行了试验土壤镍的形态和主要化学性质的分析,采用再分配系数和结合强度系数对植物修复效果进行了定量分析。结果表明,根区土壤中DTPA提取态镍的数量明显减少,根区土壤DTPA-Ni与非根区土壤DTPA-Ni之比的范围在0.33~0.61之间。每盆植物提取镍量为6.61~31.18mg,植物提取量随着添加镍量增加而增加,地上部分最大镍含量达到12454.1mgkg-1。根区的再分配系数在2.17~4.19之间,而非根区的再分配系数在6.87~15.91之间,再分配系数随着镍添加量的增加而增大;根区的结合强度系数为0.84~0.39,而非根区的则为0.88~0.26,随着土壤中镍添加量的增加,结合强度系数逐渐减小。植物吸收修复后,根区土壤镍的再分配系数降低、结合强度系数增大,表明土壤镍各形态之间的稳定性增加,因此植物修复可以加快外源镍在土壤中的稳定。试验结果也表明,根区土壤中pH随着镍添加量的增加呈下降趋势、但较非根区土壤的高;根区土壤有机碳亦较非根区的高。 相似文献
367.
The distribution and enrichment of selected trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn) in benthic sediments of the Southport
Broadwater, a semi-enclosed coastal body of water adjacent to the Gold Coast city, south-eastern Queensland, Australia, was
studied with the objective of assessing the extent and degree of sediment contamination. Sediment samples from the 0–10 cm
and 10–20 cm depth intervals of 32 sites within the Southport Broadwater and surrounding residential canals were analysed
for particle size distribution, pH, organic C and ‘near-total’ major (Al, Ca, Fe, Mn) and trace (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Sn, Zn)
metal contents. Sediment contamination for each trace metal was assessed by (1) comparison with Australian sediment quality
guidelines, (2) calculation of the index of geoaccumulation based on regional background values, and (3) geochemical normalisation
against Al (i.e. the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals). Based on this approach, the results indicate that submerged
sediments in the study area are not presently enriched with Cd, Cr or Ni, with the spatial distribution of these metals being
very well explained by the abundance of alumino-silicate clay minerals. However, several sites were strongly enriched with
Cu, Pb, Sn and Zn, arising from sources related to either urban runoff or vessel maintenance activities. The study indicates
that several varying approaches are needed for a satisfactory assessment of contaminant enrichment in estuarine sediments. 相似文献
368.
外加镍在土壤中的形态与再分配 总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6
镍处理土壤经室内培养12周后,采用连续提取技术对试验土壤中镍的形态与再分配方式进行了研究。研究结果表明,外加的水溶性镍进入土壤后的主要存在形态与添加的剂量有关:低剂量时,以铁锰氧化态为主,这一形态在100mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到31.6%;高剂量时,以交换态为主,这一形态在1600mg·kg-1处理土壤中占比例最大,达到48.4%。随着镍添加剂量由0(对照)增加到1600mg·kg-1,再分配系数逐渐由1.00增大到30.65;金属结合强度系数则由0.90减小至0.25,也反映出进入土壤中镍的剂量较大时,镍是以不稳定的形态占优。试验结果也证实了土壤具有减小镍的环境危害的作用,但这种缓冲能力是有限的。随着时间的推移,镍的形态会继续发生变化,但这一转化过程是缓慢的。因此,一旦土壤发生重金属污染,其对土壤环境的影响将是长期的。 相似文献
369.
取代芳烃对绿藻、斜生栅列藻急性毒性的自相关拓扑指数 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
本文提出新的原子生物活性值 (ai) ,由其建构自相关拓扑指数 ( mL) . 1 6种氯代芳烃对绿藻的急性毒性 ( -lgEC50 )与其0 L ,1L的回归方程为 :-lgEC50 =0 6 1 99+2 6 1 6 3× 1 0 - 6 1L2 5+ 0 0 0 92 0 L ,r=0 936 3. 1 8种苯酚、苯胺类化合物对斜生栅列藻的急性毒性 ( -lgEC50 )可以表示为 :-lgEC50 =1 1 374 + 0 1 4 4 71L0 6+ 0 0 0 2 70 L,r=0 95 35 .用Jackknife法检验 ,以上模型具有总体稳健性 . 相似文献
370.
This study investigated geochemical characteristics of the acid mine drainage (AMD) discharged from the abandoned mine adits in the vicinity of the Dogye coal mine in Korea. Acid mine drainage discharged from Jeoncha pit adit of the Dogye coal mine, which is the main source of the AMD in the study area, had a pH value of 3.0 and concentrations of 2148mg SO4
2– L–1, 229mg Fe L–1, 71mg A1 L–1 and 11mg Mn L–1. The reduction of some metal concentrations downstream from the discharge point could be explained on the basis of dilution and precipitation. The order of removal of metal ions downstream from the discharge point was Fe>A1, Cu>Zn, Mn. Acidity could be used as a good determining factor offering comprehensive and quantitative values for the polluting extent of acid mine drainage. The acidities existing in all acidic water samples in the Gunahan district originated primarily from mineral acidity, especially in the upper Nahan Creek from dissolved Fe and Al and in the middle and down Nahan Creek from dissolved Al. From the application of the WATEQ4F program, it was determined that predominant species of dissolved Fe in all water samples was Fe2+, and those of dissolved Al were AlSO4
+ and Al3+ except for IW2 sample which was associated with white precipitates. The species of dissolved Al in IW2 sample include also AlOH2+ and Al(OH)2
+. The saturation indices of goethite and haematite were positive in the water samples associated with ochrous precipitates (usually called Yellow Boy), therefore these solids might be precipitated. For the IW2 sample, the saturation indices of amorphous Al(OH)3 and gibbsite were positive, so theoretically these solids might also be precipitated. By XRD analysis, it was found that goethite occurs in ochrous precipitates, and gibbsite in white precipitates. 相似文献