火电厂炉内喷钙法烟气脱硫改造实践

采用石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫工艺对1×350 MW燃煤电厂原有炉内喷钙尾部增湿脱硫工艺进行改造,改造后运行表明:脱硫效率!95%,确保在常用煤种情况下二氧化硫排放浓度≤100 mg/m3,同时年运行费用相对改造前直接降低数百万元,实现了环境效益和经济效益的双赢。     

不同水生植物对富营养化水体释放气体的影响

水体反硝化脱N、温室气体排放以及O2释放过程均是水体生态系统中发生的重要生化反应过程。为了明确不同类型水生植物对这些过程的影响程度,采用自主研发的原位收集水体释放气体装置,于2012年7—8月对滇池草海中自然生长的挺水植物〔菖蒲(Acorus calamus)〕、浮叶植物〔睡莲(Nymhaea tetragona)和荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)〕、漂浮植物〔凤眼莲(Eichhornia crassipes)〕、沉水植物〔狐尾藻(Myriophyllum verticillatum)和轮叶黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)〕及对照(无植物)区域内释放的N2、CH4、O2、CO2和N2O的规律进行研究。结果表明,各种水生植物生长区及对照区释放气体主要由N2、CH4和O2组成,其余成分主要是CO2和N2O。沉水植物通过光合作用明显促进了水域内O2释放过程,进而提高了水体释放气体的速率及各气体成分通量值。而睡莲、荷花和凤眼莲由于叶片覆盖水面的影响,降低了水体藻类的光合能力,造成该区域水体释放气体的速率中值低于对照区,且各气体成分释放通量值也较低。各区域释放气体中CH4浓度无显著差异(P0.05),菖蒲区释放的气体中N2浓度显著高于对照区(P0.05)。     

铜胁迫对3种草本植物生长和重金属积累的影响

采用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度Cu胁迫对3种草本植物弯叶画眉草、象草和苏丹草生物量、根系耐性指数、Cu积累量、富集系数、转运系数的影响。结果表明,弯叶画眉草和象草生长随着Cu胁迫浓度的升高呈现"上升-下降"趋势,胁迫浓度低于100 mg·kg~(-1)时促进生长;苏丹草生长随着Cu胁迫浓度的增加而下降;弯叶画眉草、象草和苏丹草的Cu耐性指数分别是130.63、149.15和75.81。3种植物对重金属Cu均以根系积累为主,积累量随着Cu处理浓度的增加显著升高;对Cu的吸收和富集能力为象草苏丹草弯叶画眉草,Cu从根系转运到地上部的能力为弯叶画眉草象草苏丹草,转运系数均小于1。可见,象草耐性较强,可用于Cu污染土壤植物修复;弯叶画眉草转运能力较强,可用于Cu污染土壤生物净化。     

招远市区土壤及常见绿化植物汞污染特征

为查明长期黄金开采冶炼对城市汞污染的影响,以"金都"招远为研究对象,于2011年4月,采集了招远市区常见绿化植物柏树、落叶松、冬青的茎叶样品30份,并同步采集相应表层土壤样品34份。采用冷原子吸收法测定样品总汞含量,分析了土壤的理化性质。结果表明,招远市区表层土壤中汞含量范围为0.002~0.815 mg·kg-1,平均值为0.149 mg·kg-1。土壤汞含量与有机质呈极显著正相关,与p H、粗颗粒比例呈显著正相关关系,而与阳离子交换量、黏粒比例呈显著负相关。不同城市区域相比,处于金矿区污染源下风向、且与矿区距离较近的梦芝区土壤汞含量要显著高于其它区域。常见绿化植物茎叶汞含量范围为0.021~0.782 mg·kg-1,不同植物中的汞含量没有显著差异,但同种植物中茎、叶中汞含量存在极显著正相关。植物中的汞在各城市区域没有显著差异,与土壤汞含量也不存在显著相关性。研究结果显示,招远市区土壤和植物受周边金矿开采和黄金冶炼的影响,存在一定程度汞污染。     

Application of probabilistic risk assessment at a coking plant site contaminated by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Application of Probabilistic Risk Assessment （PRA） and Deterministic Risk Assessment （DRA） at a coking plant site was compared. By DRA, Hazard Quotient （HQ） following exposure to Naphthalene （Nap） and Incremental Life Cancer Risk （ILCR） following exposure to Benzo（a）pyrene （Bap） were 1.87 and 2.12 × 104. PRA revealed valuable information regarding the possible distribution of risk, and risk estimates of DRA located at the 99.59th and 99.76th percentiles in the risk outputs of PRA, which indicated that DRA overestimated the risk. Cleanup levels corresponding acceptable HQ level of 1 and ILCR level of 104 were also calculated for both DRA and PRA. Nap and Bap cleanup levels were 192.85 and 0.14mg.kg-1 by DRA, which would result in only 0.25% and 0.06% of the exposed population to have a risk higher than the acceptable risk, according to the outputs of PRA. The application of PRA on cleanup levels derivation would lift the cleanup levels 1.9 times for Nap and 2.4 times for Bap than which derived by DRA. For this coking plant site, the remediation scale and cost will be reduced in a large portion once the method of PRA is used. Sensitivity analysis was done by calculating the contribution to variance for each exposure parameter and it was found that contaminant concentration in the soil （Cs）, exposure duration （ED）, total hours spent outdoor per day （ETout）, soil ingestion rate （IRs）, the air breathing rate （IRa） and bodyweight （BW） were the most important parameters for risk and cleanup levels calculations.     

Distribution of lindane in plasma and brain after a single administration to cats

The distribution of lindane and its metabolites in the plasma and brain of the cats after 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours of administration of lindane (2mg/kg, i.v.) was investigated. The compound distributes differentially in the CNS and this pattern changes with time. The pattern of distribution shows that although lindane concentration is higher in areas with a high myelin content, it disappears more rapidly from gray matter. The plasma levels were also high at 30 minutes interval and then gradually decreased. The rate of formation of the metabolite 2,4,6‐Trichlorophenol appeared to be maximum in the first 4 hours. The accumulation of the compound and its metabolite in brain during the experimental period was not evident.     

Soil and plant biodegradation of chlorpyrifos in fields of cauliflower and brussels sprouts crops

For the protection of early and summer cauliflower and brussels sprouts crops against root fly, the insecticide chlorpyrifos was applied at planting onto soil around the stem of the plant, or in the planting line. In the soil, chlorpyrifos (1) was transformed into the insecticide metabolites oxon, 0,0‐diethyl‐0‐(3,5,6‐tri‐chloro‐2‐pyridinyl) phosphate (2), and 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol (3). The soil half life time of chlorpyrifos could be 2.8 times greater (42 days relative to 15 days) when the field history as to cauliflower monoculture and insecticide treatments was short (1 year), than when it was long (8 years). Rains and season also had cumulative effects on the chlorpyrifos soil half life times. In the leaves of cabbage, chlorpyrifos and compound 3 were observed at concentrations which were higher, especially when their soil concentrations were high. Chlorpyrifos and compounds 2 and 3 however were not detected in the “flower” of cauliflower, nor in the brussels sprouts itself, the limit of sensitivity being 0.02 ppm of fresh weight.     

The biogeochemical cycles of phosphorus: A review of local and global consequences of the atmospheric input

P‐input from the atmosphere is, in many oligotrophic ecosystems, substantial for the biomass production; in some regions biomass formation may depend fully or partially on the phosphorus input from the atmosphere. As a consequence, phosphorus must be considered as an element participating in cycles involving the atmosphere, like sulfur and nitrogen. Dust and aerosols containing phosphorus are transported worldwide, linking even distant regions. Human activities enhance the amounts of P distributed. Since the concentrations of P in the atmospheric dry and wet input are usually very low, special care in sampling and analysis is a prerequisite to obtain reproducible data. Some values in the literature may be questionable.     

污水处理厂一体化MBR池技术改造设计

通过对无锡市新城污水处理厂现状一体化MBR池建(构)筑物、工艺设备、管路系统进行技术改造,优化生物处理段的水力流态,降低能耗,改良污泥回流方式,增加膜池可用面积。整个技术改造的完成,满足了工艺设计要求及建设方提出的标准。     

火电厂液氨泄漏事故影响分析及对策研究

主要对火电厂液氨泄漏事故后对周围大气环境的影响进行了预测分析研究,并给出了相应安全对策。研究以陕西某电厂2×660MW燃煤机组为例,使用详实可靠的参数对该电厂可能发生的液氨储罐泄漏事故进行了不同气象条件下的风险模拟预测,并根据预测结果画出了可供应急救援参考使用的最不利气象条件下液氨储罐最大可信事故泄漏后不同时刻的影响范围动态图。研究还根据收集到的施工设计资料及参数对200-1000MW级火电厂的液氨泄漏进行了预测,给出各级别火电机组液氨泄漏事故后可能出现的最大致死半径范围。为降低火电厂液氨泄漏风险提出了相应的安全对策和应急救援要求,对避免和减少液氨中毒伤亡事故具有指导意义。