Enteric Viruses in a Large Waterborne Outbreak of Acute Gastroenteritis in Finland

In Nokia city about 450,000 l of treated sewage water was for 2 days allowed to run into the drinking water supplies of the city due to a personal error of one employee. Within the next 5 weeks about 1,000 people sought care at the municipal health centre or regional hospital because of gastroenteritis. Here we report the results of viral analyses performed by gene amplification assays from the earliest water and sewage samples as well as from close to 300 patient samples. The contaminating treated sewage was shown to harbour several enteric viruses known to cause acute gastroenteritis. Likewise, the drinking water sample was positive for noro-, astro-, rota-, entero- and adenoviruses. Noroviruses were also found in 29.8% of stool samples from affected patients, while astro-, adeno-, rota- and enteroviruses were detected in 19.7, 18.2, 7.5 and 3.7% of the specimens, respectively. An erratum to this article can be found at     

单纯形最优化法在流动注射-氢化物-石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中有机锡中的应用

用单纯形最优化方法对流动注射-氢化物-石墨炉原子吸收法测定海水中有机锡的条件进行优化，计算简便，用较少的实验次数动态地调至最佳分析条件。     

混合基质3D打印可见光催化系统对病毒气溶胶的去除

利用3D打印灵活可控的特点和复合材料混合打印的优势,将可见光响应的ZnO/g-C₃N₄催化剂掺入ABS塑料,利用3D打印制成催化剂均匀稳定分布的光催化系统,使用流体动力学仿真模拟对反应器结构进行优化设计,用于处理相对密闭的室内空间中的病毒气溶胶.结果表明,病毒气溶胶比细菌气溶胶具有更强的抗逆性,添加螺旋导流板可以显著提升反应器传质性能并有效改善系统光催化效果,以提高对病毒气溶胶的去除率.以商业LED灯为光源的螺旋式反应器对高浓度病毒气溶胶（MS2、PhiX174噬菌体）和细菌气溶胶（大肠杆菌）具有高效去除效果,在3.75min停留时间可以实现对气溶胶的完全去除.     

病毒对地下水的入侵风险与防控对策浅析

病毒可能会成为人类未来的“头号公敌”,全球地下水病毒污染事件频繁发生,因此,病毒对地下水的影响和防控逐渐受到国际重视.为进一步了解地下水病毒入侵,通过文献检索调研,分析了病毒进入含水层的途径、在地下水中迁移的限制性因素、在多孔介质中的转化过程,总结了地下水病毒入侵防控相关方法、技术、政策,探讨了风险防范意识有待加强、地下水病毒科学研究存在短板、应急防控与预警能力不足等问题及挑战.参考国内外相关研究成果和实践经验,初步提出地下水病毒入侵风险防控对策建议:①源头排查风险,防患于未然.在地下水饮用水水源地保护区及补给区,排查防疫类污染源渗漏情况,经过化学或高温消毒后再使用农村地下水饮用水、生活用水.②加强地下水饮用水水源地病毒调查研究.研究病毒在土壤及地下水中的存活能力、迁移转化机制、环境行为特征、模拟预测技术、健康风险评价方法,制定相关规范、指南.③筹划应急防控对策.做好地下水应急监测预警、饮用水消毒处理、环境质量信息公开等相关准备工作,制定地下水饮用水水源地病毒应急防控预案.      

活性污泥对病毒的生物吸附特性

针对污水处理过程中可能存在的病原微生物对人体健康的风险,以f2噬菌体为模型病毒,采用静态吸附方法,研究病毒在活性污泥上的生物吸附特性及其影响因素,以期了解病毒在活性污泥处理系统中固液两相体系的分配规律.结果表明,活性污泥对病毒的吸附速率快,吸附量大,在120 min时即能达到吸附平衡,平衡吸附率高达96%以上,对病毒的去除效果较为理想;该吸附符合Freundlich吸附等温式,且吸附率随着病毒浓度的增加而呈现出下降趋势;另外,pH值、金属阳离子浓度及有机物浓度均可显著影响病毒在活性污泥上的吸附.     

基于单纯形-混沌优化算法的边坡稳定性分析

利用混沌现象固有的内在结构进行寻优搜索,为土质边坡的稳定性分析提供了一个新思路。将混沌优化算法的全局搜索能力和单纯形法的局部搜索能力结合起来形成单纯形-混沌优化算法,结合简化Bishop法对边坡进行稳定性分析。单纯形-混沌优化算法搜索到的是全局最优解。通过与遗传算法、改进的模拟退火算法的计算结果对比,表明在保证安全系数一定精度的情况下,单纯形-混沌优化算法搜索到的是最危险滑动面。可见,单纯形-混沌优化算法具有较强的全局搜索能力,结果更可靠。     

信息社会中的城市环境保护问题

在信息社会，城市将面临自然环境和信息环境的双重环境保护问题，自然环境的污染包括电磁污染，废旧光盘污染、高科技型污染等；信息环境的污染主要包括信息病毒和信息垃圾。与自然环境污染相比，信息环境的污染有其身特点，这些特点决定着信息环境与自然环境保护的不同，应引起有关方面的重视。     

SEWAGE DISCHARGES FROM SHIPS TRANSITING COASTAL SALT WATERS1

ABSTRACT: A number of aspects of the discharging of non-oily wastewaters by transiting ships are treated in this overview paper. In the introduction, options to discharging (the use of holding tank, on board treatment) and the impact of changing regulations are discussed. Assessment of the effects of sewage discharges on coastal waters required that data, at first not available, be generated. An account is given of the characterization of Navy shipboard wastewaters and of experiments involving sewage discharges at sea, measurements of water quality before, during and after an amphibious operation, and fore and aft of transitting Navy ships. A better understanding of sewage dilution after discharge led to the verification of a method for controlled discharging of sewage (and other wastewaters). This method permits limiting the coliform bacteria count in the ship's wake to values below acceptable limits. The final sections contain information on long range effects of ships’sewage discharges, obtained in studies by the U.S. Navy and others, as well as public health considerations.     

油桐尺蠖病毒杀虫剂的药效分析

油桐尺蠖核型多角体病毒（BsSNPV）是一种高致病力的病毒株,生物测定nPIB（LC50）=1．657×104mL．经过全国7个省20多个单位联合试验,生物统计结果表明：BsSNPV防治第1代油桐尺蠖虫口下降率为97．2％;防治第2代油桐尺蠖虫口下降宰为93．97％;F测验其t值为0．184,小于理论t0．05（29）＝2．045．优于敌百虫、DDVP、辛硫磷和BT等农药是一种杀虫效果稳定、使用安全、经济有效的生物杀虫剂．     

Major brain lesions by intrauterine herpes simplex virus infection: MRI contribution

The majority of neonatal Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) infections are acquired at birth as a consequence of direct fetal contact with the infected birth canal or through an ascending infection after premature rupture of the amniotic membranes. Intrauterine transmission of HSV infection from mother to the fetus is rare; in only 5% of the cases it occurs from haematogenous transplacental dissemination. We present a case of transplacental intrauterine HSV infection after a primary maternal HSV infection in the first trimester of pregnancy. The diagnosis was assessed by viral culture and serologic tests. Ultrasound imaging revealed fetal brain damage in the third trimester. Finally, the MRI showed the devastating extensiveness of the HSV infection, which was beyond the expectation based on the ultrasound images. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.