基于RS和GIS的生态环境状况时空变化研究--以河南省为例

生态环境状况评价是资源合理利用、制定社会经济发展规划及生态环境保护对策的重要依据。现以河南省行政区为研究区域,基于遥感影像、水资源及环境统计数据,采用生态环境状况指数(EI)和空间格局分析方法,综合对比分析河南省2014—2018年生态环境状况时空变化及其冷热点空间分布。研究结果表明:(1)2014—2018年河南省EI值变化范围为60.6~63.5,生态环境状况整体呈现稳中趋好态势,除开封市和济源市外,16个省辖市的EI值均有所增加,位于西部山区丘陵地带的三门峡、洛阳和平顶山市EI值增加明显。(2)2014—2018年河南省生态环境的G*i指数的高值区域位于西部地区的三门峡市和洛阳市,且5年内没有发生变化,较为稳定。G*i指数的高、低值区域与EI值的高值和低值区表现出较高的一致性。     

武汉城市圈土地利用变化系统仿真模拟与驱动力分析

土地利用变化是全球环境变化与可持续研究的重要内容,驱动力研究是土地利用变化研究中的核心问题。现有土地利用变化驱动力研究多针对单一的城市区域展开,无法解释城市群地区,城市一体化战略指导下城市交互作用对土地利用变化的影响。运用系统动力学(SD)方法,综合考虑经济、人口、城市化、政策等主要人文因素,并将城市交互作用因素引入SD,以武汉城市圈为例,构建土地利用变化系统SD模型,运用1997~2006年的历史数据进行检验,并对武汉城市圈2010~2020年不同情景下的土地利用变化进行模拟。结果表明,建立的SD模型是有效的,两种情景下土地利用变化表现出差异性,说明城市交互作用是除经济、人口城市化等社会经济因素外,土地利用变化的又一重要影响因素。     

大连市近三十年大气环境变化及可持续发展对策

介绍了近三十年来大连市在经济快速发展 ,能源不断增加的情况下 ,空气质量得到明显改善 ,同时针对目前仍然存在的由能源结构不合理、机动车尾气、工业废气及二次扬尘等污染问题提出了发展循环经济、进行结构和布局调整、推进清洁生产、深化环境综合整治及加强立法执法和全民参与等可持续发展对策     

几种果粮间作人工植物群落生物生产力的动态变化及其优化调控

为解决果粮间作经营的中后期常出现的作物减产和资源浪费的矛盾,有必要分析果粮人工植物群落中各生态元的时空变化过程,揭示果粮间作经营中矛盾的产生、发展乃至激化的过程,寻求合理的间作作物组合,并进行优化调控,在岷江上游干旱河谷区,选择处于不同经营阶段（３ａ,５ａ,１０ａ,１８ａ,２８ａ）而经营管理条件基本一致的的９种苹果与粮食作物间作模式,调查测定了每一模式各阶段的果树的生长及其苹果产量,各间作粮食作物的生物量、总生物量、作物固定的总能量及其光能利用率、经济产量和经济收入等指标,揭示了苹果和各粮食作物２８ａ内的生物生产力的动态变化及其特点,找到了果树不同经营阶段的合理间作物组合,提出了该区不同经营阶段的最佳模式类型．对果粮间作的作用、理论基础及优化调控指标及其不确定性等问题也进行了讨论     

气候变化背景下“龙舟水”特征及其对广东早稻产量的影响

利用广东省86个气象站1961—2010年降水资料,借用数理统计方法分析气候变暖背景下广东省＂龙舟水＂变化特点;再利用广东省1983—2010年早稻产量资料及12个一级农业气象观测站1997—2010年早稻生育期观测资料,采用正交多项式等方法分析广东省＂龙舟水＂对早稻产量的影响。结果表明：自1997年以来,全省和各区域＂龙舟水＂过程总雨量、过程天数和严重过程天数都增加;＂龙舟水＂期间的降水集中期推后;6月中旬雨量与6月上旬雨量相比有增加的趋势。＂龙舟水＂过程雨量、过程天数和严重过程天数与早稻产量有明显的负相关,其中早稻抽穗普遍期前后5 d雨量对早稻产量影响最大;各区域早稻抽穗普遍期前后5 d处于多雨时段,若抽穗期适当提前就处于少雨时段。在此基础上,建议广东省早稻要通过调整种植期来适应气候变化。     

The GANE Roof Project: The impact of reduced N & S deposition and experimental warming in an acid grassland

A field-based system used to quantify the response of acid grassland to reduced atmospheric nitrogen and sulphur deposition, and to investigate the effects of elevated soil temperature on acid grassland development is described. The system is based on 12 retractable roofs, covering undisturbed experimental plots of acid grassland and three controls. Nine roofs are used to exclude natural precipitation and three roofs used to retain emitted IR radiation at night. An irrigation system has been developed to simulate natural precipitation, allowing for the application of specific treatment regimes of ambient, reduced nitrogen and reduced nitrogen/sulphur deposition beneath the nine rain exclusion plots. Plant, soil parameters, leachate chemistry and gaseous fluxes are being monitored and initial results on soil water chemistry are described. Warming appeared to enhance nitrate concentrations in soil water but this was not sustained beyond the first year of treatment. In contrast, the deposition reduction treatments decreased soil water nitrate concentrations within a few weeks of reducing deposition. This was not observed for other solutes such as sulphate or ammonium suggesting a more direct link between deposition of nitrate and leaching losses.     

Carbon dioxide and methane emission from subsurface peatlands and its controlling factors北大核心CSCD

Peatland is an efficient carbon dioxide (CO2) sink on the continent and plays an important role in global carbon cycle. Climate change and human activities, two of the notable global environmental issues, have accelerated the degradation of peatlands during recent years. Global warming will increase the rate of aerobic decomposition in the surface of peatlands. Carbon stored in the subsurface of peatlands will be metabolized if the climatic conditions become favorable for decomposition. This study reviewed the carbon circle of subsurface peatland in natural environment and in environments disturbed by human activity or climate change. Furthermore, the major factors (environmental and human factors) that affect the carbon cycle were also discussed. According to a previous study, subsurface peatland will rapidly participate in the carbon cycle when the peatland is degraded. Water level, vegetation, and temperature were the main natural factors affecting the carbon cycle, whereas drainage, farming, and grazing were the main anthropogenic factors. Further studies should focus on different soil layer carbon dynamics, inorganic carbon content, and conservation and restoration of peatlands. The study methods should be a combination of macro with micro scale and focus on developing deep peat research techniques. Most of the previous studies focused on greenhouse gas emission and their response factors in short-term experiments. Thus, the mechanism and process of subsurface carbon are not clear and needs further study. © 2018 Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Considering climate change and regional differences: An efficiency assessment of coal mine use and land restoration

China is the country with the largest coal mining production and consumption in the world, but due to a large amount of coal burning, air pollution and climate change are exasperating related problems. The previous literature mainly has discussed coal mine production and environmental pollution, but failed to take into account external factors such as climate change and seldom discussed the relationship between coal mine land use and land restoration. Therefore, this study uses the meta-Epsilon-Based Measure two-stage Data Envelopment Analysis under the exogenous model and incorporates coal mine land use and land restoration use into the model to explore the relationship between the two under climate change. The research results are as follows. (1) If the external climate factors are not considered, then the phenomenon of overestimation or underestimation of the technology gap arises. (2) The efficiency value of the coal mining stage in most provinces is generally higher than the land restoration efficiency value.     

东南丘陵土地利用变化及驱动力研究--以衡阳市为例

在GIS,Excel, SPSS11.0的支持下,以土地详查数据为依据,对衡阳市1994~2001年的土地利用变化过程进行了全面分析,揭示了衡阳市近七年来土地利用变化的时空特点,并分析了其主要原因。研究表明：(1)衡阳市1994~2001年耕地、未利用地面积总体减少,其他用地均有不同程度增加,土地利用类型变动的总体方向是：农用地和未利用地向建设用地转化,耕地向园地、水域转化,未利用地向林地转化。(2) 衡阳市土地利用变化存在较大的时间和空间差异。时间上1997年前土地利用变化显著,1997年后变化较小;空间上以祁东县和衡阳市区变化较大,衡南县、南岳区变化较小。(3)人口因素、政策因素、经济因素是衡阳市土地利用变化的主要影响因素。1997年前后土地利用变化情况的差异主要由政策因素造就,地形地貌因素及经济因素则主导了区内空间差异的形成。     

DRYING UP OF THE YELLOW RIVER:A RESPONSE TO GLOBAL CLIMATIC CHANGE

Ｉｎｒｅｃｅｎｔｙｅａｒｓ,ａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｈａｓｂｅｅｎｐａｉｄｔｏｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｉｃｃｈａｎｇｅ,ａｎｄｃｅｒｔａｉｎｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｒｅｓｕｌｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｍａｄｅｉｎｖａｒｉｏｕｓｒｅｌａｔｅｄｆｉｅｌｄｓ.Ｔｈｅｃｈａｎｇｅｉｎ ｇｌｏｂａｌｃｌｉｍａｔｅｉｓｍａｉｎｌｙｒｅｐｒｅｓｅｎｔｅｄｂｙｔｈｅｗａｒｍｉｎｇｕｐｏｆｇｌｏｂａｌａｉｒｔｅｍｐｅｒａｔｕｒｅ ,ｆｒｅｑｕｅｎｔｏｃｃｕｒｒｅｎｃｅｏｆＥＮＳＯａｎｄａｂｎｏｒｍａｌｉｔｙｉｎａｔｍｏｓｐｈｅｒｉｃｃｉｒ…