混凝土重力坝的地震响应分析

进行了某混凝土重力坝在多遇和罕遇地震荷载作用下的二维地震响应分析,比较了水位条件对大坝动力响应的影响。研究表明,在多遇地震荷载作用下,大坝应力应变关系基本处于弹性状态,在罕遇地震荷载作用下,最大地震动位移出现在大坝上侧,随着水位的上升,大坝上侧的位移和坝踵处动应力逐渐减小,而下游坝面折坡处的动应力基本不变。     

考虑玻璃结构的上海中心大厦幕墙大震弹塑性分析

常规的幕墙抗震设计,往往只考虑玻璃质量对幕墙整体的影响而忽略玻璃刚度,将玻璃结构转化为等效质量施加于幕墙支撑结构进行抗震分析。然而,当幕墙结构承受大震作用时,幕墙支撑结构已进入塑性状态,将产生较大变形,此时玻璃刚度将在一定程度上影响幕墙整体刚度。尤其是对于复杂的超高层幕墙结构,玻璃刚度对幕墙整体刚度的影响具有一定的未知性,需要深入研究。针对这一问题,本文依托上海中心大厦幕墙结构,研究了考虑玻璃结构的幕墙大震下的弹塑性响应,并将其与未考虑玻璃结构的响应进行对比分析。结果表明,玻璃结构对建筑主体结构影响较少,对幕墙结构层间位移角抑制明显,从而减少了支撑结构内力;对高楼层,加速度放大系数有一定抑制作用,但对低楼层,加速度放大系数抑制作用有限。     

大空间建筑火灾下钢索的力学反应参数分析

钢索在大空间建筑火灾升温条件下的力学反应是评价索网结构抗火性能的关键依据。基于非线性有限元方法,建立了钢索在高温下的力学分析模型,模拟了大空间建筑火灾升温历程中钢索力学反应全过程,用参数分析方法得到影响钢索在火灾升温历程中力学反应的关键因素。结果表明:在大空间建筑火灾升温历程中,钢索的水平张力呈下降的趋势;随着钢索的预应力比增加、温度场非均匀性的增强和跨度的增加,其水平张力下降速率增大;荷载比的增加对水平张力下降速率影响较小。上述结论与钢索水平张力的解析解一致,可为索网结构抗火性能分析提供参考。     

黄土边坡动力响应分析

运用有限差分软件FLAC3D,建立了某一黄土边坡三维模型,首先对其在地震作用下的动力响应规律进行了总结,然后探讨了地震动参数对黄土边坡动力响应的影响。结果表明:黄土边坡对地震波存在垂直放大和临空面放大作用;当输入地震波振幅或频率增加时,坡面监测点加速度放大系数随坡高增加呈"增加→衰减→增加"的三段形态;速度放大系数随坡高的增大而增大,并在坡顶达到最大值;位移放大系数随振幅和频率的增加而增加;地震持时对加速度、速度峰值的影响不大,但坡体位移随持时的增加而显著增加。强震作用下的最大剪应变增量区域的位置和形状表明,黄土边坡的破坏模式仍是沿着某一弧形潜在滑动面失稳破坏。研究结果有助于进一步揭示黄土边坡在地震作用下的失稳机制,为黄土地区边坡抗震设计与防灾减灾提供参考。     

Does quinone or phenol enrichment of humic substances alter the primary compound from a non-algicidal to an algicidal preparation?

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) has been shown to affect phytoplankton species directly. These interactions largely depend on the origin and molecular size of DOM and are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In a preceding study, however, two humic substance preparations did not adversely affect coccal green algae or cyanobacterial growth even at high concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). These results contradicted previous findings, showing a clear, negative response of different phototrophs to much lower DOC concentrations. To test whether or not at least defined building blocks of humic substances (HSs) are effective algicidal structures, we enriched two humic preparations with hydroquinone and p-benzoquinone, respectively, and exposed two different green algae, Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata and Monoraphidium braunii, and two cyanobacterial species, Synechocystis sp. and Microcystis aeruginosa, to the unmodified and enriched HSs. As response variables, growth rates in terms of biomass increase, chlorophyll-a content, and photosynthetic yield were measured. The highest concentration (4.17 mM DOC) of the modified HSs clearly inhibited growth; the cyanobacterial species were much more sensitive than the green algal species. However, realistic ecological concentrations did not adversely affect growth. Aerating the exposure solution for 24 h strongly reduced the inhibitory effect of the modified HSs. The algicidal effect was obviously caused by monomers and not by polymerised high molecular weight HSs themselves. Furthermore, the maximum quantum yield (Φ PSII max) was stimulated in the green algal species by low and medium DOC concentrations, but reduced in the cyanobacterial species upon exposure to higher HS concentrations. The quinone- and phenol-enriched HSs only showed algicidal activity at high concentrations of 4.17 mM DOC and lost their effects over time, presumably by oxidation and subsequent polymerisation. This study confirms that the applied humic substances themselves are not effective algicides even if enriched in effective structures.     

东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应演变及影响因素

提出"区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应"的概念,并构建了区域开发规模扩张的资源环境响应指数、响应度模型及评价指标体系,通过定量分析1995-2008年东北地区开发规模扩张的资源环境响应变化及影响因素,得出以下结论:1995年以来东北地区开发规模不断扩大,而资源环境水平总体呈现出"先升后降"的波动变化态势。资源环境对东北地区开发规模扩张具有由"正响应"向"负响应"转变的特征,与此相对应,区域开发规模扩张对资源环境的影响程度也呈现出由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的态势,这说明近年来在东北地区开发规模加速扩展的同时,其对区域资源环境造成的压力也日益增大。1995-2008年由经济快速增长导致的资源环境压力增长是引致东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"正向促进"向"负向胁迫"转化的重要内部因素,而区域投资的不断增长以及工业的快速发展是东北地区开发规模扩张对资源环境影响由"弱促进"向"强胁迫"变化的主要因素。     

餐厨垃圾和稻草两相厌氧发酵及其动力学

采用响应面实验设计对影响酸化相产酸效果的4个因素即有机负荷、酸化时间、F/M(VS/VS)比、餐、草比进行实验研究.在最优的酸化条件下,选取最优的餐、草比与单餐厨和单稻草的产酸效果和产甲烷性能进行比较,并进行产物动力学曲线拟合.实验结果表明,进料负荷为42.95 g(VS)/L,酸化时间为7.92 d,F/M(VS/VS)为2.12∶1,餐、草混合比为3.88∶1时,产酸效果最优,VFA和乙醇总量为16 844 mg/L,比单因素最优水平组合VFA和乙醇总量提高30.4％.一级动力学模型可以很好地表征酸化阶段的VFA和乙醇的产量,餐、草比3.88∶1,餐厨垃圾和稻草的酸化一级产物生成的速率k分别为0.0887、0.0753和0.0625 1/d.修正Gompertz模型也较好地表征产甲烷阶段的负荷累计产甲烷量,拟合曲线的相关系数均大于0.98.     

响应面法优化烧烤竹炭对水中磷的吸附条件

采用响应面法优化烧烤竹炭(BBC)对水中磷的吸附条件。用Box-Behnken Design实验设计考察初始磷质量浓度、BBC粒径、BBC加人量和初始溶液pH等因素对磷去除率的影响。实验结果表明:各因素对磷去除率影响的大小顺序依次为初始溶液pHBBC粒径初始磷质量浓度BBC加入量;BBC吸附水中磷的最佳反应条件为初始磷质量浓度26.81 mg/L,BBC粒径0.15 mm,BBC加入量10.6 g/L,初始溶液pH 4.42;在最佳反应条件下,BBC对磷的去除率达90.04%。     

Optimization of esterification of fatty acid rubber seed oil for methyl ester synthesis in a plug flow reactor

To date, non-food vegetable oil has been considered as the primary source for biodiesel production. Rubber seed oil has high acid value (34 mgKOH/g) and can be used for biodiesel synthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate esterification of fatty acid, which derived from rubber seed oil, in a plug flow reactor system at high temperature and low methanol consumption. Response surface methodology was applied for design experiment and optimization of esterification reaction. Temperature, methanol consumption, and sulfuric acid were chosen as variables to examine their influence in a conversion to methyl ester. At 140°C, at 5:1 methanol to fatty acid ratio (by mole), H₂SO₄ 1.5 (%v/w), and space time 20 min, the conversion to methyl ester attained 98.2%. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were used for analysis and to confirm the formation of methyl ester. Methyl ester was characterized for biodiesel fuel properties in accordance to ASTM standard.     

固态发酵法制备优势硝化菌固定化产品的工艺优化

为解决高效菌在工程应用中扩大培养、保存和接种等瓶颈,研究固态发酵法制备焦化废水优势硝化菌固定化产品.以TTC脱氢酶活性法作为固体发酵生物量测定指标,通过液态发酵单因素实验初步确定硝化菌发酵条件,再用响应面法对其固态发酵条件进行优化.结果表明,TTC脱氢酶活性法适合作为表征生物质载体固定化产品生物量的测定方法,不受载体和培养时间的影响,能较好地指示干燥前固态发酵生物量的变化.固态发酵主要影响参数依次为发酵时间、发酵温度、接种量和含水率.发酵时间的最佳值为47 h,发酵温度最佳为29.4℃,接种量的最佳值为9.9 mL/200 mL,最佳含水率为48.9％时,固态发酵固定化产品酶活达到17.091 μg TF/(g·h).与液态发酵参数相比其发酵温度、接种量最佳值接近,但发酵时间由1d延长至2d,产品酶活持平.