基于响应曲面法的钠化焙烧-水浸法回收废加氢催化剂中有价金属工艺优化

为提高废加氢催化剂钠化焙烧-水浸分离工艺回收有价金属的效率,采用响应面法优化了废加氢催化剂钠化焙烧-水浸工艺条件,探讨了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、碳酸钠添加量、浸出温度和液固比对Mo、Al浸出率的影响,并确定了最优工艺条件;同时,采用热重-差示扫描量热法 (TG-DSC) 和X射线衍射法 (XRD) 分析了废催化剂预处理与钠化焙烧过程的物相变化。结果表明：适宜的预处理温度为400~500 ℃。随着预处理温度的升高,钼与铝结合生成Al₂(MoO₄)₃;Al₂(MoO₄)₃可参与钠化反应。在钠化焙烧温度为950 ℃、焙烧时间为2 h、碳酸钠与废加氢催化剂质量比为1.1∶1、浸出液固比为6：1、浸出温度为70 ℃的条件下,Mo的浸出率可达98%以上、Al的浸出率可达94%以上。当碳酸钠添加量较少时,未参与钠化反应的Mo和Al会结合生成Al₂(MoO₄)₃,从而造成Mo、Al浸出率降低。Mo、Al发生钠化反应的温度在700~1000 ℃之间;当焙烧温度为700 ℃时,钠化反应未大量发生;随着反应温度的提高,钠化反应大量发生,至950 ℃时钠化反应最充分。本研究结果可为废加氢催化剂钠化焙烧-水浸分离回收有价金属提供参考。     

油田压裂返排液的电化学处理

为探究电絮凝和电化学氧化法处理油田压裂返排液的机理,采用响应面法拟合了反应过程,考察了电化学反应动力学、活性物质以及电极板的形貌和成分的变化。结果表明,电絮凝和电化学氧化法的响应面模型相关性显著,精确度和可信度均在合理范围内,在最优实验条件下其对应的COD去除率分别可达88.2%和100.0%;压裂返排液经电絮凝和电化学氧化处理后去除COD的动力学分别适用于零级和一级动力学模型,反应速率常数分别为4.49 mg·(L·min)⁻¹和0.005 4 min⁻¹;电絮凝和电化学氧化处理压裂返排液起主要作用的活性物质分别是OH·和O₂·⁻;电絮凝反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别附有碳酸钙和絮体有机物,电化学氧化反应后,阳极和阴极表面分别覆盖着致密的有机污染物和钙镁碳酸盐。     

不同生物质组分对铁碳微电解材料制备及As(Ⅲ)去除效率的影响

以湿地植物芦苇、还原铁粉和膨润土为原材料,通过“均质化—碳化—焙烧”工艺,制备用于去除水体中As(Ⅲ)的植物基铁碳微电解材料,对其采用傅里叶红外光谱(FIR)、元素分析、X射线衍射分析及热重差热综合热分析(TGA)等方法进行系统表征,结合响应面优化研究对比得到不同植物基生物质前驱体(芦苇秆和芦苇叶)的不同组分(半纤维素、纤维素和木质素)对植物基铁碳微电解材料性能的影响。通过响应面模型获得的优化制备条件为：芦苇秆植物基铁碳微电解材料为Fe/C=1.06、碳化温度507.87 ℃、焙烧温度751.92 ℃,芦苇叶植物基铁碳微电解材料为Fe/C=1.01、碳化温度498.66 ℃、焙烧温度701.09 ℃,在此条件下5 g制备得到的材料对100 mL 10 mg·L⁻¹ NaAsO₂去除率分别为98.12%和97.22%。结果表明：在植物基生物质前驱体的不同组分中,纤维素和半纤维素含量越高,较低的碳化和焙烧温度能降低材料中灰分含量,提高有效碳元素质量分数,增加微原电池数量;木质素含量越高,高焙烧温度下,氧化及电子传递能力越强,有利于As(Ⅲ)转化为As(Ⅴ),从而提高As(Ⅲ)的去除效率。     

电阻加热修复佳乐麝香污染土壤的工艺优化

佳乐麝香(Galaxolide,HHCB)是土壤中的一种新兴的半挥发性有机污染物,具有较高的毒性,需修复治理。电阻加热技术(electrical resistance heating,ERH)因加热均匀、效果好,逐渐被应用于有机污染土壤修复工程。采用自主研制的电阻加热装置,研究了加热过程中电场强度、土壤含水率和土壤粒径等因素对土壤HHCB去除效果的影响,并采用响应面法对工艺参数进行了优化。结果表明,土壤 HHCB去除率随电场强度和含水率的增大先增加后减小,随土壤粒径的增大而增大;在土壤含水率为40%、土壤粒径1~2 mm和电场强度12 V·cm⁻¹的条件下,加热6 h,HHCB去除效果最好,去除率达到了81.35%。通过响应曲面模拟优化得到的最佳工艺参数条件为,含水率39.07%、土壤粒径2.92 mm、电场强度12.64 V·cm⁻¹,在此条件下土壤HHCB的去除率为86.43%;在本实验条件下,3个因素对土壤HHCB去除率的影响为：含水率>土壤粒径>电场强度。本研究结果可为多环麝香污染土壤的修复提供参考。     

Evaluation of a long-range lagrangian dispersion model with ETEX

Performance of a Lagrangian dispersion model was examined in connection with its dependency on the boundary layer modelling and the input data resolution. The European Tracer Experiment (ETEX) data were used as reference. According to the sensitivity analysis of the model performance, the long-range dispersion model with the sparse input data was not noticeably different from that with the finer resolution data. The assumption of the prescribed constant mixing depth did not largely degrade the prediction results as compared with the simulation results with the temporally changing boundary layer. It is, therefore, concluded that the model is practical, considering the limited input data in the operational mode. However, it was also pointed out that the parameterization for the horizontal and vertical diffusion processes used in the present model enhanced the growth of plume. The improvement of input data resolution in time and space caused further dispersion of tracer deterministically. These resulted in the underestimation of the maximum concentration and the unfocussed concentration distribution map although the mean concentration was predicted fairly well.     

Seismic response mitigation of chemical plant components by passive control techniques

This paper deals with the applicability of seismic passive control in major-hazard chemical installations. The objective is to show numerically and experimentally the applicability of Passive Control Techniques (PCT) in industrial plants. Consequently, the main components of a process plant are classified and collected into a limited number of classes; for each class, the main damages caused by past earthquakes are described and the most vulnerable components are identified. A synthesis of the effects of earthquakes on the different typologies of process components is also presented and the most suitable innovative seismic protection systems, in particular passive control techniques (PCT), are acknowledged. Finally, the effectiveness of PCT in reducing the seismic response of process plant components is proved by three representative case studies: a base isolated above-ground storage tank, a distillation column connected by elastoplastic dampers to the adjacent service frame and an application of non-conventional Tuned Mass Dampers to a support frame.     

The barriers impeding precautionary behaviours by undocumented immigrants in emergencies: The Hurricane Ike experience in Houston,Texas, USA

Emergency management tends to be planned for legal, resident populations that are responsive to mainstream channels of communication and enforcement. For many areas prone to extreme events and emergencies, populations are also composed of transitory tourists, temporary visitors and migrant workers. This latter group may be a large population and, while not completely invisible to residents, may prefer obscurity and concealment within the social landscape. Tending towards poverty, technologically disconnected and linguistically isolated, undocumented migrants seek employment and attempt to avoid local law enforcement and immigration officials for fear of imprisonment and deportation. In this context, the behaviours prompted by developing public emergencies will be different for undocumented migrants than for the population at large. We examine the experience of 135 Hispanic undocumented migrants in the coastal zone of Houston-Galveston, Texas to understand the factors and issues that influence decision making and behaviours under region-wide mandatory evacuation conditions. Undocumented migrants’ decisions to evacuate rest upon: the presence (or absence) of family and/or children, their access to risk information that they find meaningful and rational and is in harmony with their pre-conceptions about their circumstances, their openness to information that either confirms their experiences or confronts rumour-generated biases they carry, their familiarity with social groups and governmental agencies and the services they offer, and the outcome of their risk analyses that consider the dangers of remaining in situ against the danger of exposing themselves to discovery as ‘illegal aliens’. The results suggest that emergency management plans ought to promote the dispelling of rumours that weaken the effect of emergency communication, promote non-emergency outreach to peripheral populations through community groups, and promote better, basic, non-technical, Spanish-language media through mainstream conduits (i.e. the most commonly watched non-Spanish television channels) that do not require high-tech devices or advanced understanding of visual media tools.     

光催化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A的响应面分析与优化

对光催化降解内分泌干扰物双酚A进行了研究,使用响应面方法(RSM)结合中心组合设计(CCD),对光催化过程中的影响因素(光强、TiO2浓度、初始双酚A浓度)进行了探讨和分析,构建响应面模型,并对反应条件进行了优化。此响应面模型能够较好地模拟实验结果,可以用于探索设计空间。优化的最佳反应条件为:TiO2浓度1.80 g/L、初始双酚A浓度41.08 mg/L、UV 光强6.61 mW/cm2,预测和实验最大双酚A去除率分别为81.5%和82.3%,数值比较接近,说明此响应面模型能够有效描述光催化反应过程,优化光催化反应条件,为光催化技术工程应用和光反应器设计提供技术参考。     

计算机技术在建筑火灾安全上的综合应用

为通过计算机技术低成本的、高效的、准确的解决建筑火灾安全问题,对计算机技术在建筑结构火灾安全上的综合应用进行研究,并以某一小学教学楼为例将应用成果进行展示。首先,通过FDS软件对该建筑某火灾场景进行了火场数值模拟。基于FDS的数据,利用RCFire程序进行了结构构件内部温度计算和结构火灾反应计算。最后,在Vega的虚拟现实平台上将构件内部温度和结构火灾反应的结果进行了动态图形展示,并实现了结构火灾反应的同步漫游。本文将建筑火场模拟技术、结构火灾反应计算技术和场景表现技术上综合应用到同一建筑上,形成了一个更为准确的结构火灾反应模拟系统,同时也为进一步的建筑火灾场景仿真奠定了基础。     

Complex call in male rock hyrax (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Procavia capensis</Emphasis>): a multi-information distributing channel

Chemicals such as those used for scent marking, or visual cues such as color badges, can transmit information pertaining to different aspects of individual, group and species recognition and attributes. Here, we show that complex acoustic cues, such as calls also have the capacity for such information transfer. Although songs are usually attributed to birds, rock hyraxes (Procavia capensis) engage in a rich and complex vocalizing behavior that we term ‘singing’. Previous studies on various species have shown that a specific vocalization can closely reflect a specific attribute. Using a series of multiple regressions, we show that a single complex vocalization by the adult male rock hyrax closely reflects numerous individual traits, possibly encoding various types of biologically important information (multiple-messages hypothesis). Our study reveals that hyrax songs provide accurate information regarding body weight, size and condition, social status and hormonal state of the singer. We also show that these independent data are sent in a sequential manner, a pattern that probably allows a better partition of the messages embedded in the song. Our results imply that animals, through complex individual vocalizations, can potentially advertise multiple individual attributes in the same manner as that produced by chemical scent marking. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.