Features of fatal injuries in older cyclists in vehicle–bicycle accidents in Japan

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify and better understand the features of fatal injuries in cyclists aged 75 years and over involved in collisions with either hood- or van-type vehicles.

Methods: This study investigated the fatal injuries of cyclists aged 75 years old and over by analyzing accident data. We focused on the body regions to which the fatal injury occurred using vehicle–bicycle accident data from the Institute for Traffic Accident Research and Data Analysis (ITARDA) in Japan. Using data from 2009 to 2013, we examined the frequency of fatally injured body region by gender, age, and actual vehicle travel speed. We investigated any significant differences in distributions of fatal injuries by body region for cyclists aged 75 years and over using chi-square tests to compare with cyclists in other age groups. We also investigated the cause of fatal head injuries, such as impact with a road surface or vehicle.

Results: The results indicated that head injuries were the most common cause of fatalities among the study group. At low vehicle travel speeds for both hood- and van-type vehicles, fatalities were most likely to be the result of head impacts against the road surface.

The percentage of fatalities following hip injuries was significantly higher for cyclists aged 75 years and over than for those aged 65–74 or 13–59 in impacts with hood-type vehicles. It was also higher for women than men in the over-75 age group in impacts with these vehicles.

Conclusions: For cyclists aged 75 years and over, wearing a helmet may be helpful to prevent head injuries in vehicle-to-cyclist accidents. It may also be helpful to introduce some safety measures to prevent hip injuries, given the higher level of fatalities following hip injury among all cyclists aged 75 and over, particularly women.     

内生创新、人文发展与中国的能源效率

基于内生经济增长理论,本文通过运用面板数据分析方法,重点讨论了内生创新和人文发展对中国能源效率的影响。研究结果表明,无论是全国层面的总体估计还是从东部、中部和西部的分区域估计,内生创新对中国的能源效率都产生着正面影响;人文发展状况总体上对能源效率的提高也具有正面的影响,但是人文发展中人均消费量的提高对能源效率的改善产生着负面的效应。内生创新和人文发展对能源效率的作用在中国东部、中部和西部地区不尽相同,这些作用一致呈现出由东部向中部再向西部地区逐渐递减的分布趋势。人文发展较内生创新而言对能源效率的贡献弹性更加显著。因此,从内生创新和人文发展的角度出发,通过有效措施把能源消费方式转变到依靠技术进步、人口与经济社会协调发展的内涵式消费方式上来,依然是提高中国能源效率的有效策略。     

乡村人居环境:人居环境科学研究的新领域

乡村人居环境是人居环境科学的重要构成部分,随着城市化的快速推进,乡村人居环境日益恶化.人居环境科学研究存在明显缺陷,即人居环境研究的"城市主义"倾向明显,忽视了乡村人居环境研究.分析了开展乡村人居环境研究的重要性和紧迫性,评述了国内外的相关研究成果,提出了乡村人居环境研究的多维视角,即基于农户空间行为的乡村人居环境研究、乡村人居环境的地域文化与发展模式研究、乡村人居环境与空间规划研究、基于"3S"技术的乡村人居环境研究、乡村人居环境的系统理论与发展战略研究.     

接种微生物与人粪便同步连续投加对好氧堆肥效果的影响简

利用新型梨形筒式好氧堆肥反应器,在通风量为3.0 L/min,搅拌频率为5 min/h的条件下,就不接种微生物、接种土著菌种、枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌时人粪便连续投加好氧堆肥效果进行了对比。堆制20 d即2个运行周期中各堆体的温度、含水率、COD、总氮、pH值与GI等的变化表明,接种微生物可以显著提高堆体的升温速率与堆体平均温度、COD降解率、GI（P<0.01）,堆肥可迅速达到完全腐熟。接种土著菌种效果最为明显（P<0.01）,其后相继为枯草芽孢杆菌与酵母菌。接种土著菌种可使堆体温度在50℃以上维持18 d,第8天COD降解率达到61.17%、总氮损失率为25.75%,第6天时GI达到108.22%。     

Evaluation of the Rural Human Settlement in Shandong Province

Taking Shandong Province as the research object, this paper uses the principal component analysis method to evaluate the status of the rural human settlement in Shandong Province. It establishes the ev...     

汶川特大地震“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”震害分析

在汶川特大地震现场,调查收集了大量有关人的感觉和器物的反应资料,在各种文献和网上又补充收集了大量此类资料.通过对这些资料的整理与分析,总结出了各烈度区人的感觉和器物的反应典型现象;探讨人的感觉、器物的反应与烈度的关系;找出各烈度区的共性内容.旨在使我国的地震烈度表在“人的感觉”和“器物的反应”方面更便于地震烈度评定,为地震科学研究提供可靠的基础资料.     

人力成本管理的国内研究述评

如何控制人力成本以使组织降本增效一直是国内学者研究的热点。本文主要对国内近5年人力成本管理的300多篇相关文献从研究领域、研究思路等进行综述和评论,并在此基础之上与国外人力成本管理的文献进行对比分析。研究表明:成本收益法是未来人力成本管理研究的发展趋势。     

人粪便中温好氧堆肥过程的有机物降解特性研究

利用密闭式小型堆肥反应器,以锯末作为堆肥载体,采用批量反应的操作方式,在35℃的温控条件下进行了人粪便的中温好氧堆肥实验。结果表明,在14 d的堆肥反应周期内,粪便中以COD为参数的有机物去除率可达到70%左右,且在10～12 d内基本完成有机物降解。在中温条件下,堆体容易保持适宜的含水率和pH值,维持适宜微生物繁殖生长的条件。运用磷脂法进行堆肥过程中微生物总量的分析,表明在一个堆肥周期内,微生物经历了环境适应期、稳定增殖期、生物量下降期等3个阶段,这一微生物繁衍规律与有机物的去除密切相关。与高温堆肥相比,中温堆肥能够减少设备加热的能量消耗,是缺水地区人粪便处置的可选方法之一。