人粪便好氧堆肥温度对氮迁移转化的影响

利用密闭式好氧堆肥反应器,以新鲜锯末为空白载体,通过批量实验,研究了堆肥温度对人粪便降解效果的影响,尤其是在堆肥过程中氮的迁移转化特性.结果表明,在60℃的高温堆肥条件下,粪便中有机物（化学需氧量COD、总有机碳TOC、有机固体Sorg）的去除率可达70%以上,而35℃的中温条件下的有机物去除率为63%;高温堆肥的腐熟...     

Oxidation of Toluene on γ-Al2O3 Supported Copper–Manganese Catalysts

Abstract Catalytic incineration of toluene over γ-Al2O3-supported copper–manganese oxide catalysts in the temperature range of 433?K–553?K was investigated using a fixed-bed flow reactor. Catalysts were characterized using Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis, scanning electron microscopy, temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Incineration of toluene was achieved at temperatures up to 553?K and it was found that the weight ratio of reactants (Cu:Mn) was optimized to be 15:10. Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area results had no correlation with the activity of the catalysts. Results of temperature-programmed reduction/temperature-programmed oxidation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the redox peak of the 15Cu-10Mn catalyst shifted at lower temperatures and the binding energy shifted toward higher oxidation levels. These results show that high binding energy and high redox capacity are the causes of...     

应用SHIME模型研究肠道微生物对土壤中镉、铬、镍生物可给性的影响

为了研究人体肠道微生物对土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni生物可给性的影响.本文采集我国一些地区的5种土壤,利用in vitro方法(PBET和SHIME联用)研究了这些土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni在胃、小肠、结肠阶段的生物可给性及其对人体的健康风险.结果表明,土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni在胃阶段的生物可给性分别为4.3%~94.0%、6.4%~21.6%、11.3%~47.3%;小肠阶段,土壤中Cr和Ni的生物可给性与胃阶段一致或有一定升高,但Cd的生物可给性降低了1.4~1.6倍(土壤2除外);胃肠阶段,Cd的平均生物可给性较高,而Cr的较低.结肠阶段,土壤中Cr和Ni的生物可给性均升高,是小肠阶段的1.3~2.4倍和1.0~2.1倍,分别达到了17.6%~38.7%和25.4%~56.0%;而Cd的生物可给性也升高(土壤3和4除外);Ni的平均生物可给性最高.由此可见,肠道微生物可以促进土壤中Cd、Cr、Ni的溶出释放,提高了三者的生物可给性,可能增大了人体的健康风险.     

城市居家环境空气真菌群落结构特征研究

居室环境质量的优劣与人类健康密切相关.成年人约80%～90%的时间是在室内度过,而且现代人们的生活越来越离不开空调,由于人体、房间和空调机在室内会形成了一个封闭的循环系统,容易使细菌、病毒、霉菌等微生物大量繁衍.因此,百货商场、学校教室、办公室和现代住宅等近年来成为了室内环境空气质量的研究热点.在北京市5个方向(东南西北中)共选取31户具有小孩的家庭于2009年11月～2010年10月进行试验,研究了城市居家环境空气真菌的群落结构特征.结果表明,从分离的225株空气真菌中共鉴定出24属,从鉴定出现的次数来看,其优势真菌属依次为青霉属(Penicillium)、枝孢属(Cladosporium)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)、链格孢属(Alternaria)和茎点霉属(Phoma),其中青霉属出现的次数占分离菌株总数的36%.居家环境中青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属、丛梗孢属(Monilia)的出现频率较高,其中青霉属的出现频率在90%以上;浓度百分比较高的真菌依次为青霉属、枝孢属、曲霉属、无孢菌和链格孢属,它们浓度总和约占总浓度的65.0%及以上,其中青霉属浓度百分比为32.2%.在北京市取样的31户家庭中,空气真菌浓度范围为62～3 498 CFU.m-3,平均值为837 CFU.m-3.空气真菌总浓度与枝孢属、曲霉属、链格孢属浓度的季节变化特征基本一致,夏季明显高于春季、秋季和冬季(P<0.05*),冬季浓度最低,而青霉属浓度的季节变化则表现为春季较高,夏季、秋季和冬季没有显著差异(P>0.05*).北京市居家环境空气真菌浓度男孩家庭明显高于女孩家庭(P<0.05*),并且家庭空气真菌浓度与人均居住面积呈显著负相关.     

Plenty of water,not enough strategy: How inadequate accessibility,poor governance and a volatile government can tip the balance against ensuring water security: The case of Nepal

Water security is arguably the single most important factor regarding the future sustainability of our planet. Without water we have no life, and with depleting freshwater resources conflict can easily ensue. The intersection between hydrology and politics requires a delicate balancing from decision-makers to ensure policy is well-informed and science is well communicated. In this paper, we discuss water issues currently faced by Nepal, a nation where freshwater resources are abundant yet political pressures are threatening future water security. We argue that despite adequate water supplies a nation may still experience severe water insecurity, particularly if effective governance and equitable access are not prioritised. We explore potential policy options necessary to achieve a holistic framework for water resources management, which we suggest, need to consider water resource reliability, accessibility and governance as fundamental pillars for ensuring water security.     

Study on Human Capital Valve Quantity Model and Investment Featuers

Human capital, the most active and valuable element ofproductivity, is the primary drive and crucial factor in thegrowth and development of modern regional economy.However, because of many different meanings about theconception of human capital and the complexity of itsevaluation, the measure and calculation of human capitalhas become a difficult problem. As yet, there is neither acommon measure means of human capital nor enoughcognition of its investment features.1 HUMAN CAPITAL VALUE …     

人文发展的基本需要分析及其在国际气候制度设计中的应用——以中国能源与碳排放需要为例

人文发展的基本需要途径从满足基本需要和限制奢侈浪费性排放出发，充分利用技术在实现低碳发展方面的潜力，保障气候目标的实现和代内与代际公平。本文在讨论发展所面临的消除贫困、城市化和工业化挑战的基础上，区分了生存水平和体面生活水平的基本需要，依据国际数据和科学研究成果，对基本需要进行了量化界定。并在此基础上，对满足13亿中国人体面生活水平的基本需要的能源和排放含义，进行了案例研究。最后探讨了基本需要途径在国际气候制度设计中的应用和前景。     

江西产业结构调整与人力资源开发关系实证研究

产盐结构的调整与人力资源开发有着密切的关系，但理论界就人力资源开发对产业发展及结构调整的作用研究得甚少。从江西的定量分析可以看出人力资源开发对江西产业发展及结构调整有促进作用。江西产业结构的进一步调整又对人力资源提出新需求。因此需提出相应的对策。