人类干扰对闽江河口湿地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征的影响

为了阐明湿地土壤生态化学计量学特征对人类干扰的响应,对闽江河口湿地受到人类不同程度干扰的芦苇沼泽、草地、滩涂养殖地、耕地、池塘养殖地和干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明,土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比均表现出随着干扰程度的增大而降低,即轻度干扰的芦苇沼泽和草地(25.53、156.06、6.11和27.58、158.99、5.78)中度干扰的滩涂养殖地(25.02、96.90、3.87)高度干扰的耕地和池塘养殖地(17.55、46.19、2.65和22.30、57.51、2.62);与高度干扰的耕地相比,干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比有所提高(19.95、63.81和3.18);影响土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比的因子随干扰程度的变化而改变;土壤C/N比表现出随着干扰程度和土壤深度的变化相对较小,C/P和N/P比的变异性相对较大;碳与养分比对土壤碳储量具有良好的指示作用.     

基于贝叶斯网络的非正常情况下高铁行车调度人因可靠性分析

行车调度子系统在整个高铁运输系统中处于关键位置,虽然行车调度大多已经采用了信息化、自动化的作业程序,但发生设备故障、交通事故、自然灾害等非正常情况时,很多具体的作业组织和管理仍需行车调度作业人员的参与.提出了一种基于贝叶斯网络考虑情境环境因子交互关系的人因可靠性分析方法,以某铁路局的人因失误数据统计表为学习样本,推理出行车调度作业人员工作中存在的主要问题.结果表明,“完成任务的可用时间”、“培训”及“人员配置”的节点状态变化会对作业人员的可靠性产生很大影响.最后,以高铁行车调度人员在某种特定情境状态下的实际作业为例进行了实证研究.研究表明,所建立的方法正确可靠,能够准确、高效地辨识人因可靠性.     

供电作业人身事故危害多元线性回归预测

为了定量评估电网作业和运行的风险,提出了一种基于5M因素分析法和多元线性回归的供电作业人身事故危害预测方法。借鉴安全行为学、安全心理学和事故致因理论,首先将供电作业中影响人身安全的因素分成5个大类,即人、设备、材料、方法和环境。然后分析所有因素间的相关性,将相关性较强的影响因素中对人身事故危害程度弱的一方剔除,并采用南方某电网公司人身伤亡事故数据为例进行分析,删除了两个人身安全影响因素:工器具配置和作业性质。继而,采用多元线性回归法建立供电作业人身事故危害值与各人身安全影响因素间的关系,对供电作业人身事故危害值进行预测。最后,以南方该电网公司2003~2013年发生的64起供电作业事故验证所提方法的有效性和准确性。     

Sulfamethoxazole removal from polluted water by immobilized photocatalysis

The photocatalytic activity of TiO₂ deposits (Degussa P25 and Millennium PC500) has been studied using sulfamethoxazole (SMX) as a model water pollutant and a UV fluorescent lamp as a light source (365 nm). Both catalysts have shown very similar properties in the photocatalytic degradation of SMX. Special attention has been given to the effect of the irradiation time, pH, and pollutant concentration. No mass-transfer limitations are observed. The degradation of SMX is accelerated at low concentration, and the photocatalytic degradation kinetics obey the Langmuir–Hinshelwood model, allowing the adsorption and apparent rate constants to be determined for both catalysts.     

Removal of acid yellow 36 using Box–Behnken designed photoelectro-Fenton: a study on removal mechanisms

Photoelectro-Fenton was applied for the removal of acid yellow 36 (AY36) from synthetic aqueous solution using iron electrodes. A Box–Behnken design was used for optimization of the effects of pH, H₂O₂ concentration, current density, and reaction time. Individual effects of these variables were more important than their interaction effects. The derived model was in good agreement with the experimental results. Total organic carbon was determined in solution and sludge in order to clarify the removal mechanism. Increase of H₂O₂ concentration and current density led to domination of oxidation and coagulation mechanisms, respectively. The effects of scavenging and inhibiting agents were also investigated: (1) presence of alcohols can reduce the efficiency through competition with dye for reaction with hydroxyl radicals; (2) anions (NO₃^?, HCO₃^?, and H₂PO₄^?) scavenged hydroxyl radicals and reduced decolorization of AY36.     

Analysis of dust distribution in silo during axial filling using computational fluid dynamics: Assessment on dust explosion likelihood

In this study, the dust distribution in a silo during axial filling was modelled using a commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code. The work focused on the dust concentration distribution in the silo, for evaluating the likelihood of a dust explosion in the silo. The simulation was conducted using a combination of renormalized (RNG) k-epsilon and discrete phase models, with standard pressure interpolation and a second order upwind scheme. The predicted dust concentration distribution showed a good agreement with experimental data adopted from the literature. It was found that the dust concentration distribution was influenced by mean velocity and turbulence flow. The simulation results suggest that the cornstarch concentration inside the silo was always above the lower explosion limit (LEL), hence requiring a mitigating action or a control system to reduce the explosion risk.     

Bypassing the flush,creating new resources: analysing alternative sanitation futures in London

The flush toilet is an illogical form of sanitation from the point of view of water conservation, nutrient recovery and water pollution. Places such as London, with one of the oldest flushing toilet and sewer systems in the world, bears witness to the limits of its universal applicability through dwindling freshwater resources and polluted waterways. It is therefore important to develop new forms of sanitation infrastructure. An actor–network theory coevolution framework is used to explore and gain insights into the coevolution pathways for new types and paradigms of sanitation in London, where waterborne sanitation is currently prevalent. This approach shows that while flushing toilets are currently stable network configurations, there are coevolution pathways that would shift the system towards dry sanitation. The quantity of freshwater resources available for toilet flushing was the main actant cited for the development of these coevolution pathways.     

Inadvertent environmentalism and the action–value opportunity: reflections from studies at both ends of the generational spectrum

A recent turn towards a more contextually sensitive apprehension of the challenge of making everyday life less resource hungry has been partly underwritten by widespread evidence that the environmental values people commonly profess to hold do not often translate into correspondingly low impact actions. Yet sometimes the contexts of everyday life can also conspire to make people limit their consumption without ever explicitly connecting this to the environmental agenda. This paper considers this phenomenon with reference to UK studies from both ends of the generational spectrum. The first questioned how older people keep warm at home during winter and the second examined how young people get rid of no longer wanted possessions. Both found that, though the respondents involved were acting in certain ways that may be deemed comparatively low impact, they were hitherto relatively indifferent to the idea of characterising these actions as such. We outline three ways in which sustainability advocates might respond to the existence of such “inadvertent environmentalists” and consider how they might inspire studies that generate fresh intervention ideas instead of lingering on the dispiriting recognition that people do not often feel able to act for the environment.     

湿地退化的人为影响因素分析——基于时间序列数据和截面数据的实证分析

湿地退化受自然和区域社会经济发展等诸多因素的影响,目前中国湿地生态系统的综合研究备受学者关注。论文在学者们研究的基础上,重点分析影响湿地的社会经济发展人为影响因素,运用全国大尺度统计数据进行定量化研究。应用SPSS 17.0统计软件对其进行主成分及因子回归分析,进一步找出影响显著的因子并对中国湿地发展趋势进行预测。研究结果表明,中国湿地退化的人为因素主要受三大主成分影响,即城市发展(FAC₁)、农村生产及全国基础设施(FAC₂)以及资源禀赋(FAC₃)的影响;通过多元线性回归分析,与湿地退化过程中相关的指标湿地总面积(Y₁)、地表水资源量(Y₂)、天然湿地面积(Y₃)以及湿地面积占本省国土面积比(Y₄)4个指标均受FAC₁的影响且较为显著(α=0.05);Y₃与城市发展关系非常显著(α=0.01);FAC₂对Y₃与Y₄的影响较为显著;同时FAC₃对Y₃的影响较为显著。研究最后拟合出了湿地退化指标与三大主成分的拟合线性方程,并提出了相关对策建议,以期对中国湿地及其生态系统健康发展提供有益的帮助。     

Health risk assessment of heavy metals in soils and vegetables from wastewater irrigated area, Beijing-Tianjin city cluster, China

The possible health risks of heavy metals contamination to local population through food chain were evaluated in Beijing and Tianjin city cluster, China, where have a long history of sewage irrigation. The transfer factors (TF) for heavy metals from soil to vegetables for six elements including Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were calculated and the pollution load indexes (PLI) were also assessed. Results indicate that only Cd exceeded the maximum acceptable limit in these sites. So far, the heavy metal concentrations in soils and vegetables were all below the permissible limits set by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of China and World Health Organization. The transfer factors of six heavy metals showed the trend as Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb > As > Cr, which were dependent on the vegetable species. The estimated dietary intakes of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cr, As and Cd were far below the tolerable limits and the target hazard quotient (THQ) values were less than 1, which suggested that the health risks of heavy metals exposure through consuming vegetables were generally assumed to be safe.