大气细颗粒物的污染特征及对人体健康的影响

采集兰州市2005年1月1日至2007年12月31日的大气颗粒物(TSP、PM10、PM2.5、PM1.0),分析不同粒径颗粒物的污染特征及其与气象因素的相关关系,并采用时间序列半参数广义相加模型(GAM)分析了可吸入颗粒物与呼吸系统疾病和心脑血管疾病日入院人次的暴露-反应关系.结果显示,TSP和PM10的质量浓度在春季较高,PM2.5和PM1.0在冬季较高;气象因子与大气颗粒物有显著的相关关系;对于呼吸系统疾病来说,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0每升高10μg·m-3或10粒子数·m-3,入院危险分别增加0.052%、0.604%和0.652%;对于心脑血管疾病来说,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0每升高10μg·m-3或10粒子数·m-3入院危险分别增加0.046%、0.697%和0.935%.由此可见,兰州市不同粒径大气颗粒物均有不同程度的污染,PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0对呼吸系统疾病和心脑血管疾病入院人次均有一定影响,且PM10对呼吸系统疾病的影响较心脑血管疾病明显,而PM2.5和PM1.0则正好相反.     

河北省人类活动环境压力的定量分析

借鉴物质流分析法和排污系数法构建了人类活动环境压力定量核算方法,特别是深化了行业层面物质流分析方法,对河北省经济社会系统在2000—2010年间的物质输入输出进行总体和分行业分析,探讨了河北省经济发展与环境压力的关系.研究结果表明,由物质流表征的人类活动对环境的压力强度明显增加,环境风险进一步加大;这一时期经济的快速增长主要依赖落后产能的数量扩张,与经济增长和环境压力相"脱钩"的循环经济的要求渐行渐远;钢铁、建材、电力三大行业的5个产业部门是工业物质总排放的绝对主体,并且是排放量增速最快、排放效率下降最快的主要部门;机动车尾气排放已经成为这一时期第三产业及生活领域物质排放量增速最快、影响愈来愈大的部门.     

山东省某小城镇生活垃圾堆积场土壤污染特征及风险评价

以山东省某小城镇生活垃圾堆积场为研究对象,采集堆场内和边界共17个土壤样品,探析土壤中15种无机与重金属污染物和195种挥发性-半挥发性有机污染物的含量分布特征,通过与国内外不同土壤基准(筛选)值的比较,评估检出重金属的潜在生态风险和健康风险。结果表明,堆场土壤重金属的潜在生态风险普遍处于轻微水平,仅以山东省土壤背景值为参比值时,堆场内土壤因Hg积累而生态风险水平处于强~很强水平;除As外,堆场内土壤中单一重金属的生态风险高于边界。对儿童和成人,堆场土壤的致癌和非致癌风险均在可接受的范围内,不同群体的总非致癌风险差别较小,产生不利健康风险的重金属主要是As、Cr,主要暴露途径为经口直接摄入和皮肤接触。     

某化工厂铬渣堆场及周边土壤重金属污染风险评估研究

针对某搬迁化工厂铬渣堆场及周边土壤,分层分区采集样品分析重金属含量,从生态和人体健康角度对土壤Cr,Ni,Cu,As进行风险评估。结果表明土壤Cr、Cr(Ⅵ)污染较为严重,集中在第一(0 m~1.5 m)和第二层(1.5 m~3 m);Cu、As、Ni污染较轻,集中在第一层。生态风险评估表明随深度增加,潜在生态危害指数降低。生态风险顺序为CrNiAsCu。健康风险评估表明各层土壤均存在Cr(Ⅵ)致癌风险,其余重金属在第一和第二层存在可接受非致癌风险。     

人类活动影响下水化学特征的影响: 以西江中上游流域为例

对西江中上游3个代表性断面进行一个完整水文年每月3次的观测和取样,利用水化学、流量等数据,探讨自然过程和人为活动影响下的河流水化学演化过程.对研究区116个水样的水化学特征进行分析.研究区的类型为HCO-3-Ca2+型,化学风化类型主要属于岩石风化,Ca2+和HCO-3是主要的阳离子和阴离子,反映了岩溶地区河水化学特征主要受碳酸盐岩溶解影响.Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、Cl-主要受自然条件控制,人类活动影响对其影响不大.K+、NO-3、SO2-4、HCO-3不同程度地受到人类活动的影响并且显示出不同的影响途径.本研究对我国南方季风区河流水化学变化、水质特征、下游珠江物质输送通量的影响、水质保护具有重要意义.     

A Simulation Study on the Efficacy of Advanced Belt Restraints to Mitigate the Effects of Obesity for Rear-Seat Occupant Protection in Frontal Crashes

Objective: Recent field data analyses have shown that the safety advantages of rear seats relative to the front seats have decreased in newer vehicles. Separately, the risks of certain injuries have been found to be higher for obese occupants. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of advanced belt features on the protection of rear-seat occupants with a range of body mass index (BMI) in frontal crashes.

Methods: Whole-body finite element human models with 4 BMI levels (25, 30, 35, and 40 kg/m²) developed previously were used in this study. A total of 52 frontal crash simulations were conducted, including 4 simulations with a standard rear-seat, 3-point belt and 48 simulations with advanced belt features. The parameters varied in the simulations included BMI, load limit, anchor pretensioner, and lap belt routing relative to the pelvis. The injury measurements analyzed in this study included head and hip excursions, normalized chest deflection, and torso angle (defined as the angle between the hip–shoulder line and the vertical direction). Analyses of covariance were used to test the significance (P <.05) of the results.

Results: Higher BMI was associated with greater head and hip excursions and larger normalized chest deflection. Higher belt routing increased the hip excursion and torso angle, which indicates a higher submarining risk, whereas the anchor pretensioner reduced hip excursion and torso angle. Lower load limits decreased the normalized chest deflection but increased the head excursion. Normalized chest deflection had a positive correlation with maximum torso angle. Occupants with higher BMI have to use higher load limits to reach head excursions similar to those in lower BMI occupants.

Discussion and Conclusion: The simulation results suggest that optimizing load limiter and adding pretensioner(s) can reduce injury risks associated with obesity, but conflicting effects on head and chest injuries were observed. This study demonstrated the feasibility and importance of using human models to investigate protection for occupants with various BMI levels. A seat belt system capable of adapting to occupant size and body shape will improve protection for obese occupants in rear seats.     

琼北火山岩区农田土壤重金属和硒含量评价及来源研究

基于海南岛1:25万多目标区域地球化学调查结果,针对海南岛北部(简称“琼北”)基性火山岩地区农田土壤,按照不同成土母质类型采集土壤样品,重点分析Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Hg、As、Cr、Ni、Se9种元素.结合GB 15618-1995《土壤环境质量标准》和富Se土壤评价标准,运用单项污染指数法对研究区土壤环境质量进行评价,查明其Se质量比水平.结果表明,基性火山岩区农田土壤Cr、Ni超标严重,Cu次之,Zn和Cd属潜在超标因子,Pb、Hg和As整体属清洁水平,且土壤整体达富Se水平.根据研究结果,提出了农业安全生产建议.综合聚类分析和因子分析结果表明,研究区农田土壤中Cu、Cr、Ni和Se主要来源于成土母质,Cu、Cr、Ni属母质所致高背景含量,而Cd、Cu、Zn已明显受到农业活动(施肥)影响.     

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticle induces oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory effects in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells

Cadmium sulfide nanoparticles (CdSNP) are increasingly used in biological applications. This study was undertaken to understand the mechanisms underlying adverse effects of CdSNP using human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial (A549) cells. Cellular toxicity was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide and neutral red assays. Results showed that CdSNP reduced mitochondrial function and induced lysosomal activity in concentration and time-dependent manner. CdSNP produced oxidative stress as evidenced by reduction of glutathione (GSH) levels and increase in reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation levels. Induction of caspase-3 enzymes and condensed, fragmented nuclei was observed in CdSNP-treated cells. Furthermore, the levels of interleukin-8, tumor growth factor and DNA fragmentation were significantly higher in CdSNP exposed cells. Data indicated that toxicity of CdSNP noted in A549 cells may be mediated through oxidative stress. This study warrants more comprehensive assessment of CdSNP prior to industrial applications.     

燃煤型砷中毒的最低有效累积暴露剂量初探

以陕南燃煤型砷中毒病区的5个自然村为调查采样点,通过现场流行病学调查和环境样品的分析测定,分析砷暴露人群的砷暴露途径,估算各暴露途径(呼吸、饮水和食物)的暴露剂量及对总暴露的贡献率,探讨引发燃煤型地方性砷中毒发病的最低有效暴露剂量。研究结果表明,除对照村外,采暖季各村的烤火间和卧室空气砷含量均有不同程度的超标,水和粮食未受燃煤砷污染。在采暖季,高砷煤燃烧污染的空气是人群砷暴露的主要来源;在非采暖季消化道砷暴露是各村的主要摄砷途径;提示消化道暴露对累积砷暴露的贡献不容忽视。结合问卷调查和流行病学调查结果,估算陕南病区引发燃煤型砷中毒的最低累积暴露剂量在1 712 mg左右。     

环境资源保存理论视角下人与机器设备合理操作性研究

人类发展到了工业时代以后,机械极大地提升了人类改变世界的步伐,机械带来便利的同时对环境影响非常巨大,这样便引起了人、环境、机械三者之间的重新定位思考,针对上述问题,提出一种环境资源保存理论视角下的人与设备情感研究.以环境资源保存理论为指导理论建立了情感计算模型,建立的情感模型能够有效的对人、机械、环境三者的关系进行情感趋向的计算,能够有效的通过环境资源保存理论进行环境数据的衡量分析.为了保证环境资源保存理论视角下的人与设备情感的研究方案的正确性,设计了实证调研,通过实证调研的数据分析能够有效的证明研究的环境资源保存理论视角下的人与设备情感关系的正确性.